2.4.2 Evolution in Populations Biology LibreTexts

2.4.2: Evolution in Populations

The short video of the three minutes often introduces the relationship between collective genetics and its evolution. After viewing questions: at 2:13, the slide indicates the four elements that the narrator is an element that makes up a genetic pool. She is wrong only one. Which is it? What is the reason again? Integrate some of the concepts you have learned earlier with the concept introduced in this video. Explain what changes like a genetic bottleneck bring to the gene pool of the group.

The Evolution of Populations

According to the theory of evolution, all creatures have a common ancestor, from humans to beetles, plants, and bacteria (Figure). As a result of the evolution of millions of years, some species have survived and some have survived. The earth is now more diversity than any of its history. But all lives are still connected. For example, all creatures are composed of cells and use DNA. The evolution theory gives a unified theory that explains the cause of the current species of species.

Figure ㊤: As a result of evolution, organisms became single cells and complicated mult i-cell organisms. They are plants, animals, bacteria, bacteria, and old bacteria. This diversity is the result of evolution.

Genetic Variation in Populations

Individual groups are groups where all individuals can be crossed, and are often distinguished as species. These individuals can share genes and convey the combination of genes to the next generation. The evolution process occurs only in groups, not individuals. Evolution is a process that changes the gene frequency in the gene pool. Among the groups, there are five power that causes mutations and evolution of gene: mutation, recombination of gene, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Remind your understanding of these concepts in unit 2. 2. < SPAN> The short video of this three minutes often introduces the relationship between collective genetic and its evolution. After viewing questions: at 2:13, the slide indicates the four elements that the narrator is an element that makes up a genetic pool. She is wrong only one. Which is it? What is the reason again? Integrate some of the concepts you have learned earlier with the concept introduced in this video. Explain what changes like a genetic bottleneck bring to the gene pool of the group.

Allele Frequencies

Individual groups are groups where all individuals can be crossed, and are often distinguished as species. These individuals can share genes and convey the combination of genes to the next generation. The evolution process occurs only in groups, not individuals. Evolution is a process that changes the gene frequency in the gene pool. Among the groups, there are five power that causes mutations and evolution of gene: mutation, recombination of gene, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Remind your understanding of these concepts in unit 2. 2. The short video of the three minutes often introduces the relationship between collective genetics and its evolution. After viewing questions: at 2:13, the slide indicates the four elements that the narrator is an element that makes up a genetic pool. She is wrong only one. Which is it? What is the reason again? Integrate some of the concepts you have learned earlier with the concept introduced in this video. Explain what changes like a genetic bottleneck bring to the gene pool of the group.

Video

Case of the Hamsters (Part I) - Establishing Alleles

Genes on specific characteristics have several mutations called ant i-gene. These variants code different traits related to their characteristics. Conventional gene frequency (or genetic frequency) is the percentage of specific confrontational gene in a group. The confrontational gene frequency can be represented by decimal or percent, and is always one of the whole mother group, that is, 100 %. A gene pool is the sum of the opposing genes of all gene in the group. When calculating the frequency of confrontational gene in a group, it must be remembered that in a doubl e-bodies like humans and animals, there are two opponents of each gene in the group.

For example, in human AB O-type blood type, three confrontational gene (I, I b, I) determine a specific blood type of red blood cells (Figure ㊤). In the expression type, the individual of the blood type "A" has the ability to attach a specific sugar to the surface of the red blood cells. The individual of the blood type "B" has a different gene in the gene, encoding a protein that adds a different type of sugar to the blood cell surface. The confrontational gene is displayed as I b, and the homo joist I b or heterocyclic I b i is the blood type. A person who has one of the opposing gene of I A and I b can attach both sugars to the surface of blood cells. Finally, those who lack any of these confrontational gene codes enzymes that cannot be added, so the blood type is an " O-type" and has a homo joining confrontational gene II.

A double body can only have two confrontational gene for a specific gene. In human blood type, it is composed of two combinations of two confrontational gene, such as the I-I A or I I B. Each creature has only two confrontational gene, but there are two or more opponents in the group as a whole. A group of 50 people with all blood types may have more I A confrontational gene than the II.
Figure ｟ PageIndex ｠: In humans, each blood type supports the combination of two confrontational gene. The human blood type is A, B, AB, O.
Using the ABO blood group system as an example, the frequency of one of the alleles, say I A, is the number of copies of that allele divided by the total number of copies of the ABO genes in the population, i. e., all the alleles. In a sample population of humans, the frequency of the I A allele is 0. 26, meaning that 26% of the chromosomes in the population have the I A allele. If we also know that the frequency of the I B allele in this population is 0. 14, then the frequency of the i allele is 0. 6, which can be calculated by subtracting all the known allele frequencies from 1 (so 1 - 0. 26 - 0. 14 = 0. 6). If any of these allele frequencies change over time, that is evolution in the population.

Note

This 4. 5 minute video explains how to calculate allele frequencies in a population. It also introduces the concept of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which we will explore later in this chapter. Post-viewing question: How would you explain the concept of allele frequency to someone who has not taken this class?

Our case starts with a hypothetical breed of hamsters with two coat color alleles in the population: black, which is dominant (B), and gray, which is recessive (b).

Using a Punnett square, we can see that if two black hamsters that are heterozygous (e. g. Bb) mate (table above),
	25% of the offspring will be homozygous for the dominant allele (BB).	50% will be heterozygous (Bb) like both parents.
25% of the offspring will be homozygous for the dominant allele (BB).	A refresher on Punnett squares: Punnett Squares	This is what Mendel discovered when he crossed his first generation of hybrids. Meiosis separates the two alleles of the heterozygous parents, so that 50% of the gametes have one allele and 50% have the other allele, and if the gametes are randomly matched, there is a 1 in 2 chance that an egg with B (or b) will be fertilized by a sperm with B (or b).
50% will be heterozygous (Bb) like both parents.	This is what Mendel discovered when he crossed his first generation of hybrids. Meiosis separates the two alleles of the heterozygous parents, so that 50% of the gametes have one allele and 50% have the other allele, and if the gametes are randomly matched, there is a 1 in 2 chance that an egg with B (or b) will be fertilized by a sperm with B (or b).	0. 5 b

0. 5 B

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle: A Theory of Population Evolution

Theoretical Background

0. 25 BB

0. 25 Bb

0. 5 b
0. 25 Bb
0. 25 bb
However, it is unlikely that the frequencies of the two alleles will be exactly the same in an entire population of organisms. We will return to this case later.
In the early 20th century, British mathematician Go d-free Hardy and German doctor Vilhelm Wineberg announced the principle of equilibrium to describe the genetic configuration of the group. This theory, which was later known as the principle of Hardy Wineberg equilibrium, has the frequency of the collective opposing gene and gene type, and unless some evolution of the evolution acts in the group. The frequency of the gene type does not change.

After all, the principle of Hardy Wineberg modeled the no n-evolved group under the following conditions:

Inspiring

Note: The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Immigration / No immigration

No natural choice

Only random crossing

Video

Large group

Applying Hardy-Weinberg

Theoretically, if the population is in a equilibrium, that is, if the evolved force such as natural selection and mutation does not act, the next generation and the next generation have the same genetic structure and genetic structure. The frequency of gene does not change over time. This is because the probability that all confrontational gene will be passed down to the next generation, and the ratio is constant.

Of course, even Hardy and Wineberg knew that natural groups would not escape evolution. Evolution is accompanied by a change in the gene pool. The structure of the natural world is constantly changing the configuration of the gene by drifting, mutation, probably moving and choosing.

As long as certain conditions are met (described later), the ratio of the randomly crossed groups and the ratio of genes are constant among generations. This is known as the principle of Hardy Wineberg.

As a result, the only way to determine the accurate distribution of expression type in the population is to go outside and count them. The groups in the Hardy Wine Belg equilibrium do not change. What this law tells you that the group can maintain a variable storage, and if the future conditions require it, the gene pool can be changed. When the frequency of the opposing gene or genetic type is out of the expected value from the Hardy Wineberg equation, the group has evolved. < SPAN> In the early 20th century, British mathematicians Go d-free Hardy and German doctor Vilhelm Wineberg announced the principle of equilibrium to describe the genetic configuration of the group. This theory, which was later known as the principle of Hardy Wineberg equilibrium, has the frequency of the collective opposing gene and gene type, and unless some evolution of the evolution acts in the group. The frequency of the gene type does not change.

After all, the principle of Hardy Wineberg modeled the no n-evolved group under the following conditions:

Calculating Gene Pools and Genotype Frequencies

Gene pools

Inspiring

Immigration / No immigration
No natural choice

Genotype frequencies

Only random crossing
Large group
Theoretically, if the population is in a equilibrium, that is, if the evolved force such as natural selection and mutation does not act, the next generation and the next generation have the same genetic structure and genetic structure. The frequency of gene does not change over time. This is because the probability that all confrontational gene will be passed down to the next generation, and the ratio is constant.
Of course, even Hardy and Wineberg knew that natural groups would not escape evolution. Evolution is accompanied by a change in the gene pool. The structure of the natural world is constantly changing the configuration of the gene by drifting, mutation, probably moving and choosing.

Video

As a result, the only way to determine the accurate distribution of expression type in the population is to go outside and count them. The groups in the Hardy Wine Belg equilibrium do not change. What this law tells you that the group can maintain a variable storage, and if the future conditions require it, the gene pool can be changed. When the frequency of the opposing gene or genetic type is out of the expected value from the Hardy Wineberg equation, the group has evolved. In the early 20th century, British mathematician Go d-free Hardy and German doctor Vilhelm Wineberg announced the principle of equilibrium to describe the genetic configuration of the group. This theory, which was later known as the principle of Hardy Wineberg equilibrium, has the frequency of the collective opposing gene and gene type, and unless some evolution of the evolution acts in the group. The frequency of the gene type does not change.

Case of the Hamsters (Part II) - Calculating Allele and Genotype Frequency

After all, the principle of Hardy Wineberg modeled the no n-evolved group under the following conditions:

Inspiring

Immigration / No immigration
No natural choice
Only random crossing
Large group
Theoretically, if the population is in a equilibrium, that is, if the evolutionary force such as natural selection and mutation does not act, the next generation and the next generation have the same genetic pool with the same genetic structure, and conflict. The frequency of gene does not change over time. This is because the probability that all confrontational gene will be passed down to the next generation, and the ratio is constant.
Of course, even Hardy and Wineberg knew that natural groups would not escape evolution. Evolution is accompanied by a change in the gene pool. The structure of the natural world is constantly changing the configuration of the gene by drifting, mutation, probably moving and choosing.
As long as certain conditions are met (described later), the ratio of the randomly crossed groups and the ratio of genes are constant among generations. This is known as the principle of Hardy Wineberg.

If the group is in the Hardy Wineberg equilibrium, the frequency of the opposing gene is stable between generations and the distribution of the opposing gene can be determined. If the ant i-gene frequency measured on site is different from the predicted value, scientists can guess what evolutionary force is working. However, most biologists are ultimately interested in the frequency of different opponents, but the frequency of the gene type that occurs, and scientists can guess the expressive distribution.
The 1 1-minute crash course video describes the outline of collective genetics in a humorous manner. Questions after viewing: In this video, the narrator says there are five ways to change the gene pool of the group. Explain what this is. What if a group is in the Hardy Wineberg equilibrium?
Although there is no group that meets these conditions, this principle provides useful models to compare the actual changes in the group. The genetic mutation of the natural group is constantly changing by genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, movement, and natural selection. Collective genetics is a study that studies the distribution and change of the confrontational gene frequency in a group. In collective genetics, evolution is defined as a change in the frequency of confrontational gene in groups.

The principle of Hardy Wineberg is whether the group is evolving by giving scientists the mathematical standards of unprecedented groups and comparing them to the outdoors and laboratories. Can be judged. If scientists record the ant i-gene frequency over time and calculate the predictive frequency based on the Hardy Wineberg value, scientists can detect it when the group is out of the HW expectation, therefore. You can confirm that the group is evolving. The principle of Hardy Wineberg is that the frequency of the collective opposing gene and genetic type is constant unless there is an evolution mechanism. This conclusion is not to tell the researchers which mechanism of the conflict frequency change, but only the fact that the conflict frequency is changing (that is, evolution is occurring). I want you to be careful. If the

Based on this theory, a collective geneticist expresses different confrontational gene as different variables in a mathematical model (Figure ︓ pageindex). For example, there is a specific confrontational gene to the traitical traitudes of the mendel peas, for example, a variable that indicates the frequency of A, which indicates the frequency of the opposite gene that gives the traitas A of a short plant. In other words, the confrontational gene of the group's gene is all composed of the opposing gene and the opposing gene of ⓑ.
	If you observe the expression type, you can see only the gene type of the homo joining recessive gene. The Hardy Wine Bergg calculation provides the remaining gen e-type estimation. Each individual has two confrontational gene per gene, so if the confrontational gene frequency (≖p≖q≖) is known, prediction of the frequency of the gene type is randomly from the gene pool as described later. It is a simple mathematical calculation that demands the probability of the gene type when two conflicted gene is drawn.	Figure: Hardy Wineberg and Panet Square. (CC0 1. 0)
If you observe the expression type, you can see only the gene type of the homo joining recessive gene. The Hardy Wine Bergg calculation provides the remaining gen e-type estimation. Each individual has two confrontational gene per gene, so if the confrontational gene frequency (≖p≖q≖) is known, prediction of the frequency of the gene type is randomly from the gene pool as described later. It is a simple mathematical calculation that demands the probability of the gene type when two conflicted gene is drawn.	P is the frequency of dominant confrontational gene in the gene pool, and Q is the frequency of recessive confrontational gene in the gene pool.	If you add P and Q, it will be γ (p + q = 1) because it is equal to all the opposing gene in the gene pool.
Figure: Hardy Wineberg and Panet Square. (CC0 1. 0)	If you add P and Q, it will be γ (p + q = 1) because it is equal to all the opposing gene in the gene pool.	The heterocyter individual is (2PQ). The gene type of heterocytes is calculated by 2x (p) x (Q) or (2PQ). [There are two types of hetero joining: PQ and QP. Therefore, calculate 2 × P × q. ]

Hardy-Weinberg and Selection Pressures

If you add (p^2) and (q^2) and (2pq), it is equal to all genes in the group, so (p^2)+(2pq)+(Q^2) = 1.

If you know one of the above variables, you can calculate the conflict frequency and genetic frequency. Let's reconfirm how these equations are being practiced by scientists to understand whether a group has evolved.

This 1 1-minute video describes how to calculate the confrontational gene frequency and genetic pool frequency using the Hardy Wineberg equation. The following is an example and a practice ceremony.

As seen in Pannet Square in Part 1, the frequency of two confrontational gene in the entire group of living things is unlikely to be exactly the same. However, from a certain gene type (or a recessive expression type if it knows its gene type), the frequency of the opposing gene in the group can be estimated.
- Since the double body has two confrontational gene per gene, the frequency of these gene types can be predicted using a probability matrix table (Table). By randomly drawing two confrontational gene from the gene pool, the probability of each gene type can be obtained. We are now calculating percentage based on the overall group (not individual pairs like Panet Square). In this kind of probability matrix, all confrontational gene that could be mixed in the group to create the next generation is expressed.
- Considering the assumption of a hamster group, as an example, 80 % of the germs in the group have a black woo l-haired dominant genes (B), and 20 % of the degree of poor gray coat ( B) to have. Therefore, γ (p) = 0. 8, γ (Q) = 0. 2.
When the gene type frequency is calculated using these two values, (p^2) = 0. 64, (q^2) = 0. 04.

The above formula is \ (p^2) + ˶ (2pq) + ˶ (q^2) = 1. (P^2) and (q^2) were calculated, but it is necessary to solve (2PQ).

From the calculation, you can see 0. 64 + ˶ (2PQ ˵) + 0. 04 = 1.

Optional Activity \(\PageIndex\)

From 0. 64 + 0. 04 + ˶ (2pq˵) = 1.

So, 0. 68 + ˶ (2PQ) = 1.

It is ˶ = 1-0. 68 = 0. 32 or 32%.

Therefore, in this case, the generations are born by random bonds of these confrontational gene frequency:

64 % is BB homo joist

32 % BB hetero join
1. 4 % gray coat homo join (BB)
2. In other words, 96 % of the next generation has black coat and only 4 % of gray coats. As you notice, this is the same expression type as the first group. This is the same expression type as the initial group.
3. Table ｟ Pageindex ｠｠. The result of randomly binding genken, which has a genetic pool including B of B and B 20 %, is binding randomly.
4. 0. 8 B
5. 0. 2 B
6. 0. 8 B
0. 64 BB

Optional Activity \(\PageIndex\)

0. 16 BB

0. 2 B

0. 16 BB

0. 04 BB

Natural selection influences the frequency of alleles and genotypes. If an allele confers a phenotype that allows an individual to survive better or have more offspring, the frequency of that allele increases. Many of these offspring also have the beneficial allele and therefore the phenotype, and so they will have more offspring with the allele. Over time, the allele spreads throughout the population until all individuals in the population have it. If an allele is dominant but deleterious, individuals with the allele will be quickly removed from the gene pool if they do not reproduce. However, a deleterious recessive allele may remain in the population for many generations, hidden by a heterozygous dominant allele. In such cases, only the unlucky individuals who inherit two copies of such an allele are removed from the population.

So, will the deleterious allele eventually disappear? Well, let's use this example to see why.

Imagine that there is some negative selection pressure on gray coat color. Using the genotype frequencies in the table above to calculate allele frequencies, we can recalculate what percentage of the population has the dominant allele and what percentage has the recessive allele.

Optional Resource

All gametes produced by BB hamsters contain the B allele (0. 64), and half of the gametes produced by heterozygous (Bb) hamsters contain the B allele (0. 32/2).

When the Hardy-Weinberg Law Fails

This means that 80% (0. 64 + (0. 32*1/2)) of the gamete pool produced in this generation will contain B.

1. Mutation

This means that 20% (0. 04 + (0. 32*1/2)) of the gametes will contain B.

2. Gene Flow

This analysis shows that in the parent generation, 80% of the alleles were B and 20% were b. This is a random sampling of the alleles in the parent gene pool. In the second generation, 80% of the alleles are B and 20% are b.

3. Genetic Drift

The proportion of allele b in the population remains the same from the parent generation. Heterozygous hamsters ensure that each generation contains 4% gray hamsters. Recessive genes are never lost from the population, no matter how small their proportion. If recessive alleles were prone to constant loss, the population would soon become homozygous. Under Hardy-Weinberg conditions, genes that currently have no selective value are also retained.

If an allele confers a phenotype that allows an individual to survive better or produce more offspring, the frequency of that allele increases. Many of these offspring will also have the beneficial allele and therefore the phenotype, and so their offspring will also produce more offspring that carry the allele. Over time, the allele spreads throughout the population until all individuals in the population have that allele. If an allele is dominant but deleterious, it will be quickly removed from the gene pool if individuals with that allele do not reproduce. However, a deleterious recessive allele can remain in the population for many generations, hidden by a dominant allele in a heterozygote. In such a case, only the unlucky individuals who inherit two copies of such an allele will be selected out of the population.

4. Nonrandom Mating

In the Punnett square in Figure 14, a pea plant can produce yellow peas at pp(YY), yellow peas at pq(YY), and green peas at qq(YY). If 9% of the entire population produces green peas, what percentage of the peas are heterozygous for pea color?

Answer (click here)

5. Natural Selection

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, the variable p represents the frequency of a particular allele (usually a dominant allele). For example, let p represent the frequency of the dominant allele Y in yellow snow peas. The variable q represents the frequency of the recessive allele y in green peas. If p and q are the only two possible alleles for this trait, then the sum of the frequencies must be 1, or 100%. This can also be written as p + q = 1. If the frequency of the Y allele in the population is 0. 6, then we know that the frequency of the Y allele is 0. 4.

Video

In this example, there are three gen e-type possibilities: PP (yy) produces yellow peas. PQ (yy) is also yellow; QQ (yy) produces green peas. The frequency of homo junction dominant individuals is p 2; the frequency of hetero bonding individuals is 2pq; the frequency of hoomo joining displacement is Q2. If p and q are only two confrontational gene that can be given by the group, these gene type frequency will be 1 in total: p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1.

In this example, the possible gene type is homo junction (YY), heter o-joining (YY), and homo joining (YY). If you can only observe the expression type of the group, you can only know the inferior expression type (YY). For example, in 100 peas, 86 shares are yellow peas beans, and 16 shares may be green peas. I don't know how many homo joining dominance (YY) or heter o-joining (YY), but it can be seen that 16 are Homo joining deficit (YY).
1. Therefore, the number of other gene molds can be calculated by knowing the inferior expression type, and by knowing the frequency of the gene type (16 out of 100 or 0. 16).
2. - If Q 2 indicates the frequency of hom o-joining recessive, Q2 = 0. 16.
  - Therefore, Q = 0. 4 (0. 16 square root is 0. 4; it cannot have negative numbers when handling the ant i-gene frequency).
- P + Q = 1, Q = 0. 4, so 1-0. 4 = P.
- p = 0. 6.
- No
The evolutionary organization (Part I)

The frequency (p 2) of homo bonding dominant plants is (0. 6) 2 = 0. 36. In other words, 36 of the 100 individuals are homo joining (YY).

The frequency (2PQ) of the heterocyter is 2 (0. 6) (0. 4) = 0. 48. Therefore, 48 out of 100 shares are heter o-bonded yellow (YY).

Like evolution, transformation never ends

Figure: A group with 9 % of the ant i-gene and gene type forecast frequency.

In plants, purple flower color (V) is superior to white (V). If Q = 0. 2 in a group of 500 strains, how many individuals are expected to have homo junction (VV), heter o-joining (VV), and homo joining (VV) individuals? How many shares that bloom purple flowers, and how many shares that bloom white flowers?

answer

Let's remember that P indicates the frequency of dominant confrontational gene (V), and Q shows the frequency of poor recessive gene (V). It is easy to start with a recessive confrontation gene.

In this group, Q 2 = 0. 04 if it is Q = 0. 2. Q2 is known to be the frequency of the poorly joined homo joining, so 0. 04 x 500 shares (overall group) = 20. Therefore, it is expected that 20 plants are hom o-bonded (white).

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For the dominant allele p, we need to use the formula p + q = 1. Since q = 0. 2, we can calculate that p + 0. 2 = 1. From there, p = 1 - 0. 2, which gives us p = 0. 8.

If we set p = 0. 8, then p2 = 0. 64. We know that p2 is the frequency of homozygous dominants, so 0. 64 x 500 plants (total population) = 320. Therefore, 320 plants are expected to be homozygous dominant (violet).

To complete the problem, we calculate 2pq, the frequency of heterozygous individuals. That is, 2 x 0. 8 x 0. 2 = 0. 32. Then 0. 32 x 500 = 160. Therefore, 160 plants are expected to be heterozygous (purple).

The solution and walkthrough for the Hardy-Weinberg problem is here.

To see what forces drive evolutionary change, we must look at situations where the Hardy-Weinberg law may not apply. In these cases (which are the reality of nature), evolution is occurring. There are five:

Lean in to continual evolution

The frequency of a gene B and its allele b does not remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if the rate of mutations from B → b (or vice versa) changes or if a new allele B o arises. By itself, this kind of mutation probably plays a small role in evolution. But duplication of genes (and whole genomes), which is a form of mutation, has probably played a large role in evolution. In any case, evolution depends on mutations because they are the only way to produce new alleles. After being shuffled in various combinations with the rest of the gene pool, these become the raw material for natural selection to act on.

Many species are made up of local populations, whose members tend to breed within the population. Each local population can form a gene pool that is distinct from other local populations. But members of one population may also breed with immigrants from neighboring populations of the same species. This can introduce new genes or change the frequency of existing genes in the population. Gene flow, whether within or between species, increases the variability of the gene pool.

Genetic drift is an evolution that occurs when the increased frequency is not selectively dominant. This is due to accidental events. For example, if a stone falls into a group of beetles with a green and red opposing gene, and more individuals with red controlled gene die, the frequency of this gene changes, but that is not adaptive. 。 But it is not adaptive. The smaller the group, the more likely it is to be affected by genetically drifting. Random events that change the frequency of the opposing gene have a greater effect on the smaller the gene pool.

If the group is small, it may violate Hardy Wineberg. Certain members who are not proportional to the number of groups may be eliminated only by coincidence, including biological effects. In such a case, the frequency of the confrontation gene starts to drift due to higher or lowering. Eventually, the confrontational gene may be 100 % of the genetic pool, or it may disappear from the gene pool. Drifting causes evolution, but there is no guarantee that a new group is more suitable than the original group. Evolution by drifting is unprofitable and not adaptive.

One of the basics of Hardy Wineberg equilibrium is that the crossing in a group must be unreasonable. If an individual (usually a female) prefers a crossing partner, the gene frequency may change.
1. No n-random crossing seems to be quite common. Breeding territories, courtship actions, and "ranks" can all cause this situation. In any case, a specific individual cannot contribute to the next generation. If a male breeds more than other male, the male gene will be reflected more by the next generation.
2. If an individual with a gene has a higher ability to leave mature offspring than the individual, the frequency of the genes will increase in the next generation. This is just a representation of Darwin's natural selection from the perspective of a change in the gene pool. Natural selection is caused by a difference in mortality (a certain individual survives longer than other individuals), and the difference in fertility (a certain individual leaves more offspring than other individuals). Eventually, the sampling of a genetic pool of a certain generation is biased, and the next generation genetic pool is different from the first generation. Not all conflicted gene is equally inherited to the next generation.
3. In this 4-minute video, we explain what is the Hardy Wine Berg Equilibrium, and why find a group that doesn't match HW's expectations, and see if the group is evolving in the trait. I am. After viewing questions: The principle of Hardy Wineberg equilibrium is defined using mathematical terms. What is quantified and monitored in the HW principle to evaluate whether the group is evolving, based on what we know about HW?
This page is 2. 4. 2: Evolution in Populations is shared under the CC by 4. 0 license, writing, remixing, and curated by source content edited in accordance with the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.

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2. 4. 1: Genome evolution

2. G: Unit 2 terms

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Evolutionary organizations compete differently

yes

Darwin's evolution is not about "survival". Darwin's theory of evolution explains how a trait that can adapt to a changing environment survives and its descendants is likely to inherit its traits. As time goes on, the characteristics of the seeds survive become more frequent in the group, and the species will change, that is, evolve. Like the evolution process, digital transformation enables companies to adapt, survive, and prosper.

The trend of COVID-19 triggered the evolution of evolution regardless of public and private sectors. Business leaders have to reconsider the creation and provision of value in the digital economy. The rise in customer expectations accelerated decisio n-making, and as a result, a more elastic structure and a more rigid organizational architecture became required. This shift is serious and permanent.

Transformation for the greater good

For a long time, public and private organizations have not been able to recognize the situation that needs to coordinate and adapt to business. The delicate market shift and the accompanying business are gradually accumulated so that the porcelain sink can be stained over time over time. Although small problems may be revealed, it is not serious to each of the more important business priority, such as achieving the next revenue goal.

By the time the "digital transformation" initiatives begin, a tremendous effort is required to promote drastic changes. Since the change is very difficult, it is inevitable that compromise and inadequate results, despite the large amount of technology investment.

So why should companies stop that if transformations are to survive in the digital age and improve efficiency to gain competitiveness?

Elim Poon - Journalist, Creative Writer
Last modified: 27.08.2024

Radiation biology is the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on biological tissues and living organisms. It combines radiation physics and biology. Transcritical bifurcation. looking at the time evolution of the population activity (Figure b top left), one can. Free Related PDFs · 1 CC-BY glfe.info@go/page/ Nucleoli contain fibrillarin proteins and stain red because they have been treated with red.

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2.4.2 Evolution in Populations Biology LibreTexts

2.4.2: Evolution in Populations

The Evolution of Populations

Genetic Variation in Populations

Allele Frequencies

Video

Case of the Hamsters (Part I) - Establishing Alleles

Note

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle: A Theory of Population Evolution

Theoretical Background

Note: The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Video

Applying Hardy-Weinberg

Calculating Gene Pools and Genotype Frequencies

Gene pools

Genotype frequencies

Video

Case of the Hamsters (Part II) - Calculating Allele and Genotype Frequency

Hardy-Weinberg and Selection Pressures

Optional Activity \(\PageIndex\)

Optional Activity \(\PageIndex\)

Optional Resource

When the Hardy-Weinberg Law Fails

1. Mutation

2. Gene Flow

3. Genetic Drift

4. Nonrandom Mating

5. Natural Selection

Video

The evolutionary organization (Part I)

Like evolution, transformation never ends

The COVID era

Lean in to continual evolution

Overcoming resistance with a thin slice approach

Evolutionary organizations compete differently

Transformation for the greater good