Censorship and Digital Games Localisation in China Meta Érudit

Censorship and Digital Games Localisation in China

Censorship and translation are topics that have attracted much attention in academic circles in recent years. Although many studies have focused on the interrelationship between the two fields, the censorship system and its impact on audiovisual translation, especially digital game localization, have not been fully explored within the scope of translation studies. This paper aims to fill this gap by investigating the censorship work of digital games in the context of the socio-cultural background of mainland China. We provide an overview of China's censorship system, focusing in particular on the censorship authorities, their review procedures and methods, and the regulations and standards on game content. We also consider the extent to which censorship affects game localization, and conclude that when the censorship system itself is not transparent, game localizers tend to engage in severe self-censorship.

Keywords

Censorship,
Video games
Digital games
Localization
China

Résumé

In recent years, the interrelationship between censorship and translation has attracted academic attention and been studied extensively. However, the censorship system and its impact on audiovisual translation, mainly electronic game localization, have not yet been deeply analyzed from a translation studies perspective. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by examining the censorship work carried out on electronic games in the socio-cultural context of mainland China. We introduce the Chinese censorship system, focusing on the censorship authorities, their methods and procedures, and the standards and regulations governing game content. We then practically examine the extent to which censorship affects game localization, concluding that when the censorship system lacks transparency, localization professionals tend to choose strict self-censorship.

Keywords

Censorship,
Video games
Electronic games
Localization
China

Article body

1. Introduction

The word censorship is generally negative and is often associated with dictatorship, propaganda, and repression. According to the online Oxford English Dictionary, a censor is "a state official whose job it is to inspect all books, magazines, plays, etc., before they are published, to make sure that they contain nothing immoral, heretical, or offensive to the government." Notably, this definition seems to suggest that censorship is not a universal phenomenon, existing only in "some countries." However, as Wolf (2002: 45) points out, censorship is surprisingly ubiquitous and can be seen to exist "in all forms of social organization." Kuhiwczak (2009: 46) agrees, stating that "there has never been a society without censorship." Indeed, Billiani (2007a: 3-4) also states that censorship can be considered in a broader sense as “a form of operational rewriting of discourse by one actor or structure to another, with the aim of filtering the flow of information from one source to another” and that the function of censorship is “a filter in the complex intercultural process of communication facilitated by translation.”

With the rapid development of information technology and the globalization of the economy, translations are not just language and cultural transmission, but also the media and other areas. Digital games, also known as interactive entertainment software, are new media forms that have developed into a rapidly growing industry. Digital games, a global cultural product, cannot be viewed as a game. Whether you are conscious or unconscious, culture, ideology, and philosophy are embedded in these products. In fact, the ethics of digital games are continuously discussed among parents, educators, sociologists, and game designers, and the nature of censorship is said to "define the space to protect." (Ní chuilleanáin, ó cuillenáinin et al. 2009a: 21). The main reasons for censorship in the localization of digital games are the protection of minors. Unlike other censorship, such as censorship in literature, the government censorship of games is welcomed and supported by parents, educators, and retailers, despite the criticism of stepping on basic human rights, such as freedom of speech. Most are. Specifically, digital games censorship systems are attracting attention by the government and the general public to filter the content that can have a negative effect on the next generation. Also, the censorship system

In recent years, research on censorship and translation has been actively conducted (Merkle 2002; Billiani 2007b; Seruya 2008; nís chaillenáynin, ó cuillenáinin in et al., 2009b; Merkle, O'Sullivan et al. 2010). The impact of the audiovisual translation, especially the localization of the game, has not attracted enough interest in the translation research area. This paper focuses on the impact on the censorship system and its audience translation, especially in the translation of languages in the overall process of game localization. We will investigate China's censorship mechanisms for related censorship, procedures, methods, and standards for game content. We will consider the impact of the censorship system on the localization of the game. The rapid development of information technology and globalization of the economy have shown that translation is not only simply transmitting language and culture, but also in the media and other areas. Digital games, also known as interactive entertainment software, are new media forms that have developed into a rapidly growing industry. Digital games, a global cultural product, cannot be viewed as a game. Whether you are conscious or unconscious, culture, ideology, and philosophy are embedded in these products. In fact, the ethics of digital games are continuously discussed among parents, educators, sociologists, and game designers, and the nature of censorship is said to "define the space to protect." (Ní chuilleanáin, ó cuillenáinin et al. 2009a: 21). The main reasons for censorship in the localization of digital games are the protection of minors. Unlike other censorship, such as censorship in literature, the government censorship of games is welcomed and supported by parents, educators, and retailers, despite the criticism of stepping on basic human rights, such as freedom of speech. Most are. Specifically, digital games censorship systems are attracting attention by the government and the general public to filter the content that can have a negative effect on the next generation. Also, the censorship system

2. Censorship System on Digital Games in China

In recent years, research on censorship and translation has been actively conducted (Merkle 2002; Billiani 2007b; Seruya 2008; nís chaillenáynin, ó cuillenáinin in et al., 2009b; Merkle, O'Sullivan et al. 2010). The impact of the audiovisual translation, especially the localization of the game, has not attracted enough interest in the translation research area. This paper focuses on the impact on the censorship system and its audience translation, especially in the translation of languages in the overall process of game localization. We will investigate China's censorship mechanisms for related censorship, procedures, methods, and standards for game content. We will consider the impact of the censorship system on the localization of the game. With the rapid development of information technology and the globalization of the economy, translations are not just language and cultural transmission, but also the media and other areas. Digital games, also known as interactive entertainment software, are new media forms that have developed into a rapidly growing industry. Digital games, a global cultural product, cannot be viewed as a game. Whether you are conscious or unconscious, culture, ideology, and philosophy are embedded in these products. In fact, the ethics of digital games are continuously discussed among parents, educators, sociologists, and game designers, and the nature of censorship is said to "define the space to protect." (Ní chuilleanáin, ó cuillenáinin et al. 2009a: 21). The main reasons for censorship in the localization of digital games are the protection of minors. Unlike other censorship, such as censorship in literature, the government censorship of games is welcomed and supported by parents, educators, and retailers, despite the criticism of stepping on basic human rights, such as freedom of speech. Most are. Specifically, digital games censorship systems are attracting attention by the government and the general public to filter the content that can have a negative effect on the next generation. Also, the censorship system

2.1. The censoring authorities

Censorship "imposed by public authority through clear laws" is defined by Brownlie (2007: 205) as "official censorship" and is the type found in China. In her view, censorship "may occur before or after the publication of a work, [most notably] in the form of a ban on the publication of the work" (Brownlie 2007: 205). In this regard, China has developed a particularly sophisticated official censorship system that applies to all media, including games. Since the video game industry in mainland China is dominated by online games, which accounted for 97% of the total game industry revenue in 2010 (Xinhua Games 2011) [1], and the censorship system for imported online games is also more complicated than other types of games, this section focuses on the censorship system based on the censorship work of imported online games.

When online games first entered the Chinese market in 2000, there were no specific laws or regulations available to government administrators, especially when dealing with the publication and operation of this new cultural product. The situation is somewhat different today, with online games being overseen and managed by multiple government departments. The main players have been the State Administration of Publication, Radio, Film and Television of China (GAPP) and the Ministry of Culture of China (MOC). Perhaps unsurprisingly, the involvement of these two authorities eventually led to some open conflicts. For example, the add-on expansion Wrath of Lich King for World of Warcraft (Blizzard Entertainment 2004) was held up for content review until August 2010. The final version of the game in China was released about 22 months after its European release date (Hu and Wang 2009),[2] mainly due to an unresolved dispute between GAPP and MOC over which agency should wield the most power in the game review and approval process.

2.2. The reviewing procedures and methods

In order to solve such a regulatory struggle, the Chinese State Agency Office has set up a “Review Meeting of Regulatory in China” (2008, the Chinese National Affairs Lab Office). The Chinese State Agency (2008; [Hyakushi People's Republic of the People's Country Zhongi n-厅]) has issued a "notification on issuing the provisions on the main functions of the National Institute of State", and the Ush i-Uchi National Shinko Publishing Office (National Edition Bureau) ) The main 职责职责设设设构构构构构构员员员员员员员员员员员员员员员员员员员员员 One year later, the People's Republic of China's National Division Reform Committee (2009, China (2009; [Central Desker System), the National Radio / Movie General Bureau, and the National Television Bureau of the National Television Bureau are three rules. Of the comics, online games, and the comprehensive law execution of the cultural market, the National Public Section Reform Committee's Foundation Reform Committee Printing and distribution was announced, and Chuo 编办对 Culture Department, 广电广电广电广电总总总闻闻闻闻《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《》《》《《 [4] According to these two rules, MOC is in charge of online games, and GAPP is a general guidance and approval of the online game. Is in charge and management after the release of the online game, but in order to solve such a regulation struggle. In 2008, the National Affairs Office of the National Affairs Affairs Agency (2008) issued a "notification on the General Agency for the General Agency". The New State of the New State (National Version Bureau) Major Kazuno Kazuto 员 </s> </s> </s> </s> </s> </s> </s> </s> </s> </s> </s> Bento Room (2009, China (2009; [Central Desker) is a comprehensive manga, online game, and cultural market among the three rules for Culture Department, National Radio / Movie Bureau, and National Television General Bureau. The National Public Section Reform Committee on the Balancies of the Balancies on the Government of the Law, the Printing and distribution of the Balancies of the Balancies, Chuo 编办 Culture Department, the 广电总广电 Bureau, the New Publishing Publishing Office 」》。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。. The MOC is in charge of online game management, and GAPP is in charge of the MOC's general guidance, and the supervision and management after the release of the online games. In order to solve such a regulatory struggle, the Chinese National Affairs Office has set up a study meeting on the way of regulation in China. The Chinese State Agency (2008; [Hyakushi People's Republic of the People's Country Zhongi n-厅]) has issued a "notification on issuing the provisions on the main functions of the National Institute of State", and the Ush i-Uchi National Shinko Publishing Office (National Edition Bureau) ) The main 职责职责设设设构构构构构构员员员员员员员员员员员员员员员员员员员员员 One year later, the People's Republic of China's National Division Reform Committee (2009, China (2009; [Central Desker System Committee), the National Radio / Movie General Bureau, and the National Television Bureau of the National Television Bureau, the National Television Committee) Of the comics, online games, and the comprehensive law execution of the cultural market, the National Public Section Reform Committee's Foundation Reform Committee Printing and distribution was announced, and Chuo 编办对 Culture Department, 广电广电广电广电总总总闻闻闻闻《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《》《》《《 [4] According to these two rules, MOC is in charge of online games, and GAPP is a general guidance and approval of the online game. MOC will be in charge of the online game.

Currently, it is standard practice for GAPP to review all games before release, while MOC monitors and supervises the operation of the game after release. Although the functions of these two major players in online game censorship seem to have become clearer recently, it can also be said that the involvement of multiple departments may lead to further disputes in the future. In particular, given the complex situation of having to satisfy two censorship authorities, a delay in the release date may cause serious economic losses to the game market.

As mentioned above, online game censorship in China is carried out both before and after release. Regarding pre-publication review and approval, Kou Xiaowei, deputy director of the Technology and Digital Publishing Department of GAPP, explains that there are two aspects to this process. First, it is an examination on the business qualification of the operating company, which is related to whether the game company has the ability to regulate its operation and business scope. [5] If the result is positive, the game operating company will be qualified and will be issued "one license and three numbers" (Li 2010). [6] The license is the Internet Publishing Services License stipulated by the Circular (GAPP - State Copyright Administration and National Anti-Piracy and Pornography Working Group Office of P. R. China 2009)[7] which allows companies the right to publish electronic products on the Internet. The three numbers are: 1) the reference number by authentication of commercial contract and copyright contract with the game export company, 2) the approval number of the game content inspection, and 3) the ISBN number.
In this way, not only the management qualification of the game company but also the game content is subject to strict review. GAPP (2010)[8] requires the review and approval of the following materials before publication:
Application for Publication of Imported Online Game Products
Copyright Contact Registration Certificate issued by the Copyright Contract Registration Agency (著权合同备案证书);
Complete Chinese notation of online game products;
Color printed photos and demo disks. It shows the general characteristics of the main characters, scenes, tools, stories, function setting, and products;

Three sets of administrator accounts and user clients that can be used for censorship;

Opinions from the publishing agency.

In addition to the above inspection procedures, game creators are also required to incorporate the poisoning prevention system introduced in 2007 by GAPP and the other seven national authorities into all games. The online game poisoning prevention system aims to prevent people under the age of 18 in China from playing no n-stop online games for a long time. According to the online game poisoning prevention system development standard (GAPP 2007), [9], if a minor stays over 3 hours to the game, the experience points, virtual money, and equipment gained in the game. Game benefits such as goods are deducted. On July 1, 2011, GAPP has started a real name authentication system with other government departments and associations, and game players need to link their real names and ID numbers to the game account to prove their age. This system was officially enforced from October 1, 2011 (GAPP 2011) [10].
Online games, a cultural product, require an Internet cultural management permit (网络网络经营许许证证) from MOC (2011), which gives game operators to operate online games. The material required by MOC (2006) [12] in the process of judging the game content is different from the materials required by GAPP:
Imported online game product content censorship declaration and imported online game products registration book;
A prospect of explaining the theme and contents of the game;
Product operation manual (foreign language of Chinese and original text);
Account number and password that can access the 3 copies of game products (Chinese and foreign texts, CD-ROM or DVD format, including online game software client programs), and the highest management level (or top game level);
Narration, explanation, and lyrics of all songs used in the game by Chinese and foreign languages; Complete Chinese notation of online game products;
Color printed photos and demo disks. It shows the general characteristics of the main characters, scenes, tools, stories, function setting, and products;
Three sets of administrator accounts and user clients that can be used for censorship;
Opinions from the publishing agency.
In addition to the above inspection procedures, game creators are also required to incorporate the poisoning prevention system introduced in 2007 by GAPP and the other seven national authorities into all games. The online game poisoning prevention system aims to prevent people under the age of 18 in China from playing no n-stop online games for a long time. According to the online game poisoning prevention system development standard (GAPP 2007), [9], if a minor stays over 3 hours to the game, the experience points, virtual money, and equipment gained in the game. Game benefits such as goods are deducted. On July 1, 2011, GAPP has started a real name authentication system with other government departments and associations, and game players need to link their real names and ID numbers to the game account to prove their age. This system was officially enforced from October 1, 2011 (GAPP 2011) [10].
Online games, a cultural product, require an Internet cultural management permit (网络网络经营许许证证) from MOC (2011), which gives game operators to operate online games. The material required by MOC (2006) [12] in the process of judging the game content is different from the materials required by GAPP:

Imported online game product content censorship declaration and imported online game products registration book;

A prospect of explaining the theme and contents of the game;

Product operation manual (foreign language of Chinese and original text);

2.3. The Regulations on Game Content

Account number and password that can access the 3 copies of game products (Chinese and foreign texts, CD-ROM or DVD format, including online game software client programs), and the highest management level (or top game level);

Narration, explanation, and lyrics of all songs used in the game by Chinese and foreign languages; Complete Chinese notation of online game products;
Color printed photos and demo disks. It shows the general characteristics of the main characters, scenes, tools, stories, function setting, and products;

Three sets of administrator accounts and user clients that can be used for censorship;

Opinions from the publishing agency.
In addition to the above inspection procedures, game creators are also required to incorporate the poisoning prevention system introduced in 2007 by GAPP and the other seven national authorities into all games. The online game poisoning prevention system aims to prevent people under the age of 18 in China from playing no n-stop online games for a long time. According to the online game poisoning prevention system development standard (GAPP 2007), [9], if a minor stays over 3 hours to the game, the experience points, virtual money, and equipment gained in the game. Game benefits such as goods are deducted. On July 1, 2011, GAPP has started a real name authentication system with other government departments and associations, and game players need to link their real names and ID numbers to the game account to prove their age. This system was officially enforced from October 1, 2011 (GAPP 2011) [10].

Online games, a cultural product, require an Internet cultural management permit (网络网络经营许许证证) from MOC (2011), which gives game operators to operate online games. The material required by MOC (2006) [12] in the process of judging the game content is different from the materials required by GAPP:

Imported online game product content censorship declaration and imported online game products registration book;
A prospect of explaining the theme and contents of the game;

Product operation manual (foreign language of Chinese and original text);

Narration, explanation, and lyrics of all songs used in the game by Chinese and foreign languages;

Product copyright business contract or business agreement written in Chinese and foreign languages;

Original of copyright certificate;

3. The Impact of the Censorship System on Game Localisation

Original or copy of copyright certificate;

Evaluation certificate or other related certificate issued by exporters;

A copy of the application company's Internet Culture Management Remarks and Sales Permit;

Voluntary examination results of game operators (things that may cause dispute, such as opinions on the content);

Other documents required for content censorship.

4. Conclusion

In contrast to GAPP, MOC has more emphasis on the linguistic aspects of the game. All of the exchanges of lines, narration, explanations, theme songs and the lyrics of insert songs are all required not only in Chinese but also in the original language, and can be compared. It is also noted that the MOC obliges the game operator to voluntarily censorship of the game content before submitting to the MOC. A report on the results of sel f-censorship must be submitted to the MOC. In order to understand the extensive background of sel f-censorship in localization of the game, it is necessary to consider the sel f-censorship of Chinese translators described later.

Appendices

Notes

The process and methods of censoring online game content are not officially published by the authorities. However, Xin (Liangzhong Municipal People's Procuratorate, 2009), one of the censors who reviewed World of Warcraft, revealed some interesting details in an interview. According to Xin, the review process is "very simple." He explained that three experts are invited to review all components of the game using account numbers and passwords provided by the game creators. However, given that most online games are quite long, it takes a significant amount of time to inspect every part of the game, and for this reason, according to Xin, "no one can have enough time to inspect every single detail," adding that the standards and procedures for game review are outdated and suffer from many flaws. He also admitted that he does not know everything there is to know about games because he is not a game player. His frank remarks caused massive criticism among Chinese game fans. Many people thought it was inappropriate for a game to be reviewed by three people who, while admitting that they have insufficient knowledge about games, are empowered to judge the impact a game has on players of all ages, especially adolescents, and ultimately decide whether to allow it to be released in China.
According to a notice on improvement and strengthening online game content management (MOC 2010) [14], a comprehensive governance mechanism that requires school, parents, media, and society as a whole to cooperate with the director of game content. I have to do it. The director should consider feedback from the general public. Regarding online games, regular checks should be performed by the educational departments, consumer department representatives, government officials, media and other experts. These evaluation results are announced to the general public and are expected to always provide information. The stage after the release indicates that satisfying all the requirements imposed by the censorship is not the end of the censorship process, and if any product causes a disadvantageous public opinion, it can be r e-evaluated. There is sex.
You can check some general guidance, despite the comprehensive guidelines and regulations that focus on games censorship. This specifies "newspapers, regular publications, books, audi o-visual products, and publications, printing, reproduction, imports, and distribution (the People's Council of China 2011) [15] [15] (China State Inn, China 2011) [15]. According to Article 3 of the same rule, all publications
[... In the direction of serving the people and socialism, Marx, Renin, Mao Zedong, the important philosophy of Kodaira and the third generation, and implemented a scientific development view, and the state of the nation. Disseminate and accumulate all science and technology cultural knowledge that is useful for qualitative improvement, economic development, and social progress in society, inherit the brilliant performance of national culture, promote international cultural exchange, and enrich the people's cultural lives. , Must be improved.
The People's Republic of China 2011 [16].
Furthermore, in Article 55, the country will support and encourage the release, commercialization of products depicting the following characters, and A notice on improvement and strengthening of online game content (MOC 2010) [14]. It must be a comprehensive governance mechanism that requires school, parents, media, and society as a whole to cooperate with the director of game content. The director should consider feedback from the general public. Regarding online games, regular checks should be performed by the educational departments, consumer department representatives, government officials, media and other experts. These evaluation results are announced to the general public and are expected to always provide information. The stage after the release indicates that satisfying all the requirements imposed by the censorship is not the end of the censorship process, and if any product causes a disadvantageous public opinion, it can be r e-evaluated. There is sex.
You can check some general guidance, despite the comprehensive guidelines and regulations that focus on games censorship. This specifies "newspapers, regular publications, books, audi o-visual products, and publications, printing, reproduction, imports, and distribution (the People's Council of China 2011) [15] [15] (China State Inn, China 2011) [15]. According to Article 3 of the same rule, all publications
[... In the direction of serving the people and socialism, Marx, Renin, Mao Zedong, the important philosophy of Kodaira and the third generation, and implemented a scientific development view, and the state of the nation. Disseminate and accumulate all science and technology cultural knowledge that is useful for qualitative improvement, economic development, and social progress in society, inherit the brilliant performance of national culture, promote international cultural exchange, and enrich the people's cultural lives. , Must be improved.
The People's Republic of China 2011 [16].
Furthermore, in Article 55, the country supports and encourages the release and commercialization of products depicting the following characters: According to a notice on improving and strengthening online game content management (MOC 2010) [14]. , Parents, media, and society as a whole must be a comprehensive governance mechanism that demands closing with the director of game content. The director should consider feedback from the general public. Regarding online games, regular checks should be performed by the educational departments, consumer department representatives, government officials, media and other experts. These evaluation results are announced to the general public and are expected to always provide information. The stage after the release indicates that satisfying all the requirements imposed by the censorship is not the end of the censorship process, and if any product causes a disadvantageous public opinion, it can be r e-evaluated. There is sex.
You can check some general guidance, despite the comprehensive guidelines and regulations that focus on games censorship. This specifies "newspapers, regular publications, books, audi o-visual products, and publications, printing, reproduction, imports, and distribution (the People's Council of China 2011) [15] [15] (China State Inn, China 2011) [15]. According to Article 3 of the same rule, all publications
[... In the direction of serving the people and socialism, Marx, Renin, Mao Zedong, the important philosophy of Kodaira and the third generation, and implemented a scientific development view, and the state of the nation. Disseminate and accumulate all science and technology cultural knowledge that is useful for qualitative improvement, economic development, and social progress in society, inherit the brilliant performance of national culture, promote international cultural exchange, and enrich the people's cultural lives. , Must be improved.
The People's Republic of China 2011 [16].
Furthermore, in Article 55, the country supports and encourages the release and commercialization of products depicting the following characters:
1) Explanation of the basic principles set by the Constitution and what plays an important role in dissemination, 2) Education of patriotism, collectiveism, and ethnic unity to the people, developing the core value system of socialism. Things that have a great significance in developing social morals, occupational ethics, and family morals, 3) It plays an important role in enhancing the essence of ethnic culture and promoting international cultural exchange; 4) Domestic and overseas cultural innovation Those that make important contributions to the timely reflection of the stimulation and the latest scientific and cultural results, 5) Important contributions for agriculture, rural and farmers, and promote public cultural services, 6) ideological ・ Those with scientific, cultural and artistic value.
The People's Republic of China 2011 [17].
The important thing is that a detailed list of the content prohibited in Article 25 is presented, which is also quoted in Article 16 of "Internet Cultural Management Provisional Provisions" (Motorin Cultural Management).
1) Those who oppose the basic principles stipulated in the Constitution, 2) Persons who are at risk of unification, sovereignty, and territorial conservation, 3) Removes the secrets of the nation, harm the national safety and impair the honor and interest of the nation. People, 4) hostility, ethnic discrimination, threatening unity between ethnic groups, and invading ethnic minorities' habits and customs; 5) Spread cults and superstitions, 6) Society disturbed social order. Those that destroy the stability, 7) pornography, gambling, violence, triggered crime, 8) Social morals and superior, insult / slander, and violate the legal interests of others, 9). Those that make the ethnic cultural tradition at risk, 10), and the contents prohibited by the law, administrative laws, and governments.
MOC 2011 [18] 1) Explanation of the basic principles and the spread of the basic principles set by the Constitution, 2) develop the core value system of socialism, and the people patriotism, collectiveism, and socialism Things that are important to educate ethnic unity, have significant significance of developing social morals, occupational ethics, and family morals, and plays an important role in increasing the essence of ethnic culture and promoting international cultural exchange. 4) ものものななななななななのののののののののののののののののののののの What to promote, 6) with ideological, scientific, cultural and artistic value.
The People's Republic of China 2011 [17].
The important thing is that a detailed list of the content prohibited in Article 25 is presented, which is also quoted in Article 16 of "Internet Cultural Management Provisional Provisions" (Motorin Cultural Management).
1) Those who oppose the basic principles stipulated in the Constitution, 2) Persons who are at risk of unification, sovereignty, and territorial conservation, 3) Removes the secrets of the nation, harm the national safety and impair the honor and interest of the nation. People, 4) hostility, ethnic discrimination, threatening unity between ethnic groups, and invading ethnic minorities' habits and customs; 5) Spread cults and superstitions, 6) Society disturbed social order. Those that destroy the stability, 7) pornography, gambling, violence, triggered crime, 8) Social morals and superior, insult / slander, and violate the legal interests of others, 9). Those that make the ethnic cultural tradition at risk, 10), and the contents prohibited by the law, administrative laws, and governments.
MOC 2011 [18] 1) Explanations of the basic principles and important roles set by the Constitution, 2) 2) Evolation of the core value system of socialism, patriotism, collectiveism, socialism, ethnic unity Things that are important to develop and develop social morals, vocational ethics, and family morals, 3) to increase the essence of ethnic culture and promote international cultural exchange; 4) Those that make important contributions to the stimulation of cultural innovation in Japan and abroad and the timely reflection of the latest scientific and cultural results, 5) promote public cultural services by making important contributions for agriculture, rural and farmers. , 6) It has ideological, scientific, cultural and artistic value.
The People's Republic of China 2011 [17].
The important thing is that a detailed list of the content prohibited in Article 25 is presented, which is also quoted in Article 16 of "Internet Cultural Management Provisional Provisions" (Motorin Cultural Management).
1) Those who oppose the basic principles stipulated in the Constitution, 2) Persons who are at risk of unification, sovereignty, and territorial conservation, 3) Removes the secrets of the nation, harm the national safety and impair the honor and interest of the nation. People, 4) hostility, ethnic discrimination, threatening unity between ethnic groups, and invades ethnic minorities' habits and custom; Those that destroy the stability, 7) pornography, gambling, violence, triggers crimes, 8) Social morals and superiors, insulting and slandering others, infringing the legal interests of others, 9) Those that make the ethnic cultural tradition at risk, 10), and the contents prohibited by the law, administrative laws, and governments.
MOC 2011 [18]

Appendices

Bibliographie

These articles certainly indicate what the government has permitted and what is banned, but most of them are expressed in quite vague words, which can be difficult. For example, in the “Publishing Management Ordinance”, Article 55, item 3 encourages works that enhance “ethnic ethnic culture”, while Article 25, item 9 shows “Social M or its excellent ethnic cultural tradition.” (Social public public ethnic groups, ethnic culture) prohibits content that makes it dangerous (the National Council of the People's Republic of China 2011; see Note 15). It has not been specified as the definition of "social morality" (social public) or what is considered "fine" (优优) or "essence of ethnic culture" (Seiki), and we will try to define such terms. The attempt is always a debate because it is based on different understanding and personal subjectivity.

China’s E-Sports Market: Opportunities and Challenges for Foreign Players

The scope and content of such regulations remain unclear, but many games are still prohibited. Most of the influential games are then blacklists that prohibit the release of "Porn, Gambling, Violence, and Crime" in Article 25, Item 7 (Swanni, Rohoku, Violence, and Incuses). It was published in the National Agency of the People's Republic of China 2011; the Chinese State Center 2011; Note 15). Pornography and gambling are particularly illegal in China, and MOCs have cracked down many games, including such content in recent years. For example, in 2009, according to Chinese media information sources, MOC (Yangyu 2009) [19] banned 219 online games, including pornography and violent content, and to crack down on more than 2. 9 million people. Mobiled law executive officers and have access to games such as Red Light Center (2006, Utherverse) and Office Three Kingdoms [Office THREE KINGDOM] (2008, DANG AI SHI KONG). I blocked it. MOC (2009) [20] also made an official announcement, and online games, which include gang characteristics such as mafia that "defend obscene, gambling, and violence, and impairs moral and Chinese traditional culture" Prohibited from providing. According to the circular boards, some online games, including their father, GODFATHER and Gangster Community, have been removed from the website.

Politics is also an area of particular concern to censors. Games that contain political references, especially those involving territorial issues regarding Taiwan or Tibet (both of which the government considers to be part of the People's Republic of China and not separate territories), seem especially likely to clash with Chinese authorities. For example, Sheng and Zhu (2004) reported that in 2004, the MOC banned Hearts of Iron (2002, Paradox Entertainment), a Swedish computer game set during World War II from 1936 to 1948. The game was banned for "distorting history and damaging China's sovereignty and territorial integrity" (Sheng and Zhu 2004).[21] The MOC believed that the game misrepresented some historical facts, especially in its depiction of the fascist regimes of Japan, Germany, and Italy, which could lead players to change or witness events that differed from those that actually occurred. Furthermore, the regions of Manchuria, Western Xinjiang, and Tibet were marked as independent sovereign states on the game's map set in the 1940s, while Taiwan was shown as Japanese territory, which was deemed harmful to China's territorial integrity.

Furthermore, as discussed by Zhang (2008), there is also a Japanese game called "Big Stratagem": The game is set on the Pacific front during World War II, and players can plan various strategies to invade and occupy China step by step, killing Chinese soldiers and conducting bombing attacks on a virtual battlefield. Another controversial aspect of the game is the presentation of Taiwan as an independent country, which is contrary to the official foreign policy of the People's Republic of China. Zhang (2008) also points out that such territorial disputes are not limited to the realm of war games. For example, the soccer management simulation game Football Manager (2005, Sports Interactive/Sega) was banned because the lineup of available soccer teams included China-Tibet, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, giving them equal status to China itself (Sheng and Chen 2005).[23] Politics is also an area of particular concern to censors. Games that contain political references, especially those involving territorial issues regarding Taiwan and Tibet (both of which the government considers to be part of the People's Republic of China and not separate territories), seem especially likely to clash with Chinese authorities. For example, Sheng and Zhu (2004) report that in 2004, the MOC banned Hearts of Iron (2002, Paradox Entertainment), a Swedish computer game set during the Second World War from 1936 to 1948. The game was banned for "distorting history and damaging China's sovereignty and territorial integrity" (Sheng and Zhu 2004).[21] MOC considered that the game misrepresented some historical facts, especially in its depiction of the fascist regimes of Japan, Germany, and Italy, which could lead players to change or witness events different from those that actually occurred. Furthermore, the regions of Manchuria, Western Xinjiang, and Tibet were marked as independent sovereign states on the game's map, which was set in the 1940s, and Taiwan was shown as Japanese territory, which was considered harmful to China's territorial integrity.

Furthermore, as discussed by Zhang (2008), there is also a Japanese game called "Big Stratagem": The game is set on the Pacific front during World War II, and players can plan various strategies to invade and occupy China step by step, while killing Chinese soldiers and conducting bombing attacks on a virtual battlefield. Another controversial aspect of the game is its presentation of Taiwan as an independent country, which is contrary to the official foreign policy of the People's Republic of China. Zhang (2008) also points out that such territorial disputes are not limited to the realm of war games. For example, the soccer management simulation game Football Manager (2005, Sports Interactive/Sega) was banned because the lineup of available soccer teams included China-Tibet, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, giving them equal status to China itself (Sheng and Chen 2005).[23] Politics is also an area of particular concern to censors. Games that contain political references, especially those involving territorial issues regarding Taiwan and Tibet (both of which the government considers to be part of the People's Republic of China and not separate territories), seem particularly likely to clash with Chinese authorities. For example, Sheng and Zhu (2004) report that in 2004, the MOC banned Hearts of Iron (2002, Paradox Entertainment), a Swedish computer game set during the Second World War from 1936 to 1948. The game was banned for "distorting history and damaging China's sovereignty and territorial integrity" (Sheng and Zhu 2004).[21] MOC considered that the game misrepresented some historical facts, especially in its depiction of the fascist regimes of Japan, Germany, and Italy, which could lead players to change or witness events different from those that actually occurred. Furthermore, the regions of Manchuria, Western Xinjiang, and Tibet were marked as independent sovereign states on the game's map, which was set in the 1940s, and Taiwan was shown as Japanese territory, which was considered harmful to China's territorial integrity.

The authorities' crackdown on illegal games has drawn criticism from both game players and game companies, who say that the censorship guidelines are not transparent enough and that the restrictions on game content are too strict. As one of the reasons the Chinese government justifies its censorship is concern for the protection of minors, some individual gamers, industry players, and social organizations such as the Youth Protection Association (Young People's Protection Association) submitted a petition to the authorities in 2004, requesting the establishment of an age-based rating system like PEGI (Pan European Game Information) in Europe and ESRB (Entertainment Software Rating Board) in Canada and the United States. In the same year, the China Youth Network Association (China Youth Network Association) also proposed the "Green Game Recommended Regulations" (绿色游戏推荐标 ... [24] This discussion has been going on for several years, but has not been officially acknowledged, and the industry has yet to evaluate its results. In March 2010, the deputy director of the Cultural Market Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce of China announced that an age rating system "will not be established" (不会分级), due to the complexity of the game market (Zhang 2010).[25] The authorities' crackdown on illegal games has sparked backlash from both game players and game companies, who say the censorship guidelines are not transparent enough and the restrictions on game content are too strict. As one of the reasons the Chinese government justifies censorship is concern for the protection of minors, some individual gamers, industry players, and social organizations such as the Youth Protection Association (青少年防护协会) submitted a petition to the authorities in 2004. In 2004, the China Youth Network Association (中国青年网络络会) submitted a petition to the authorities calling for the establishment of an age-based rating system similar to PEGI (Pan European Game Information) in Europe and ESRB (Entertainment Software Rating Board) in Canada and the United States. In the same year, the China Youth Network Association (中国青年网络獏会) also proposed the "Green Game Recommended Regulations (绿色游戏推荐标 ... In March 2010, the deputy director of the Cultural Market Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce of China announced that due to the complexity of the game market, an age rating system would "not be established" (不会分级) (Zhang 2010)[25]. The authorities' crackdown on illegal games has drawn criticism from both game players and game companies, who say that the censorship guidelines are not transparent enough and that the restrictions on game content are too strict. As one of the reasons the Chinese government justifies its censorship is concern for the protection of minors, some individual gamers, industry players, and social organizations such as the Youth Protection Association (青少年保护协会) submitted a petition to the authorities in 2004, calling for the establishment of an age-based rating system similar to the Pan European Game Information (PEGI) in Europe and the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) in Canada and the United States. The China Youth Network Association also proposed the "Green Game Recommended Regulations" in the same year (Tang 2004), which stipulated that games suitable for players under the age of 18 be considered green games (Tang 2004).[24] This discussion has been ongoing for several years, but has not been officially recognized, and the industry has yet to evaluate its results. In March 2010, the deputy director of the Cultural Market Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce of China announced that an age rating system "will not be established" (不会分级), citing the complexity of the game market (Zhang 2010).[25]

E-sports in China at a glance

In the absence of clear regulations from authorities regarding age ratings for games, game localizers will undoubtedly engage in their own self-censorship. In discussing self-censorship, Brownlie (2007: 206) states that "self-censorship of cultural subjects' works occurs before publication to avoid official censorship and/or to gain approval from dominant sectors of society." Elaborating on Gambier's (2002: 217) original point, Tymoczko points out that "in the absence of firm instructions, translators are left to their own judgment on how to translate, and as a result often end up adapting to normative pressures" (Tymoczko 2009: 31). In China, the situation is complicated by the fact that self-censorship is not only voluntarily undertaken by translators and localizers, but is also requested by authorities.

As mentioned above, the MOC requires game creators to self-censor before handing over materials for content review. In Article 3 of the Circular on Improving and Strengthening the Management of Online Games Content, MOC (2010; see note 14) emphasizes that all online game operators must set up their own special self-censorship departments to manage products and review their content before developing, registering, and operating games. It also requires staff involved in game planning, research, and development to undergo training on policies and regulations to enhance their legal awareness and social responsibility and self-consciousness. The heads of these self-censorship departments are required to undergo training by MOC.

Against the backdrop of unclear guidelines on the censorship of the game, and under potential risks that are banned by censorship, translators and localizers tend to perform very strict sel f-censorship. "World of Walkruffff" World of Walkruffff "World of Walkruffff" in the fantasy world, which is a mult i-participant online roll playing game, selecting and playing your favorite characters from 12 races and 10 occupations, and performing various missions and missions. (WOW), with the example, a significant correction was added in the 2007 update. As shown in Zhang (2008), the rogue tanned from the previous work to the 隐 type person [transparent human], theft was changed to a steal, and the poison was changed to a patch. In addition, the skeleton became a zombi e-like creature, and the bones of the dead player were replaced by tombstones. According to The9 staff, a WOW localizer and operator at the time, these changes were made for "regulations related to China's special situation" (Feng and Wang 2007). 26]. Zhao Yurun, the director of The9, acknowledged that the change was part of the "operation strategy" in an interview with Shin Hua Shrine (2007) [27]. He explained that the company has updated games several times a year and has added patches to the original version that does not require government approval. However, these corrections were founded in the first official version of WOW, the basis of The Burning Crusade, and the content was judged by GAPP. The important thing is that these changes are recognized as indicating sel f-discipline and are expected to be approved for expansion. Translators and localizers tend to perform very strict sel f-censorships, with the opaque guidelines for censorship in the game, and under potential risks banned by censorship. "World of Walkruffff" World of Walkruffff "World of Walkruffff" in the fantasy world, which is a mult i-participant online roll playing game, selecting and playing your favorite characters from 12 races and 10 occupations, and performing various missions and missions. (WOW), with the example, a significant correction was added in the 2007 update. As shown in Zhang (2008), the rogue tanned from the previous work to the 隐 type person [transparent human], theft was changed to a steal, and the poison was changed to a patch. In addition, the skeleton became a zombi e-like creature, and the bones of the dead player were replaced by tombstones. According to The9 staff, a WOW localizer and operator at the time, these changes were made for "regulations related to China's special situation" (Feng and Wang 2007). 26]. Zhao Yurun, the director of The9, acknowledged that the change was part of the "operation strategy" in an interview with Shin Hua Shrine (2007) [27]. He explained that the company has updated games several times a year and has added patches to the original version that does not require government approval. However, these corrections were founded in the first official version of WOW, the basis of The Burning Crusade, and the content was judged by GAPP. The important thing is that these changes are recognized as indicating sel f-discipline and are expected to be approved for expansion. Against the backdrop of unclear guidelines on the censorship of the game, and under potential risks that are banned by censorship, translators and localizers tend to perform very strict sel f-censorship. "World of Walkruffff" World of Walkruffff "World of Walkruffff" in the fantasy world, which is a mult i-participant online roll playing game, selecting and playing your favorite characters from 12 races and 10 occupations, and performing various missions and missions. (WOW), with the example, a significant correction was added in the 2007 update. As shown in Zhang (2008), the rogue tanned from the previous work to the 隐 type person [transparent human], theft was changed to a steal, and the poison was changed to a patch. In addition, the skeleton became a zombi e-like creature, and the bones of the dead player were replaced by tombstones. According to The9 staff, a WOW localizer and operator at the time, these changes were made for "regulations related to China's special situation" (Feng and Wang 2007). 26]. Zhao Yurun, the director of The9, acknowledged that the change was part of the "operation strategy" in an interview with Shin Hua Shrine (2007) [27]. He explained that the company has updated games several times a year and has added patches to the original version that does not require government approval. However, these corrections were founded in the first official version of WOW, the basis of The Burning Crusade, and the content was judged by GAPP. It is important that these changes are recognized as indicating sel f-discipline and are expected to be approved for expansion.

Another example of sel f-censorship is found in Sid Meyer's Civy Rising IV (2005, Firaxis Games / 2T Games) (Zhang, 2008). In a tur n-based strategic game, the story begins in 4000 BC, when the settlers build one city. The challenge of the player is to make use of geographical advantage, build social and productive infrastructure, advance science and culture, and to expand the city to the empire by fighting competing nations. There are 18 civilizations in the game, and each civilization has one or two leaders with specific personality characteristics with special power to strengthen probability statistics. In the Civyrisations game, various historical and famous buildings have appeared, and China has been listed in other countries. In particular, the Emperor Qin and Mao Zedong are lined up as Chinese leaders, and Beijing is the capital. In addition, the Great Wall and the San Gorge Dam of the Manli are also listed as the world's amazing. CEASIA, the official simplified Chinese version of the Chinese version, had strict sel f-censorship before releasing the game in 2007 due to many mentions of historical and political elements and the risk of censorship. 。 Localizers have rewrote almost all of China's stories to suppress censorship authorities. Thus, China has a capital in Kitajo, and has been changed to a fictional ninet y-nine kingdom, which has two leaders, Nata. Another example of censorship is found in Sid Meyer's Civyrisation IV (2005, Firaxis Games / 2T Games) (Zhang, 2008). In a tur n-based strategic game, the story begins in 4000 BC, when the settlers build one city. The challenge of the player is to make use of geographical advantage, build social and productive infrastructure, advance science and culture, and to expand the city to the empire by fighting competing nations. There are 18 civilizations in the game, and each civilization has one or two leaders with specific personality characteristics with special power to strengthen probability statistics. In the Civyrisations game, various historical and famous buildings have appeared, and China has been listed in other countries. In particular, the Emperor Qin and Mao Zedong are lined up as Chinese leaders, and Beijing is the capital. In addition, the Great Wall and the San Gorge Dam of the Manli are also listed as the world's amazing. CEASIA, the official simplified Chinese version of the Chinese version, had strict sel f-censorship before releasing the game in 2007 due to many mentions of historical and political elements and the risk of censorship. 。 Localizers have rewrote almost all of China's stories to suppress censorship authorities. Thus, China has a capital in Kitajo, and has been changed to a fictional ninet y-nine kingdom, which has two leaders, Nata. Another example of sel f-censorship is found in Sid Meyer's Civy Rising IV (2005, Firaxis Games / 2T Games) (Zhang, 2008). In a tur n-based strategic game, the story begins in 4000 BC, when the settlers build one city. The challenge of the player is to make use of geographical advantage, build social and productive infrastructure, advance science and culture, and to expand the city to the empire by fighting competing nations. There are 18 civilizations in the game, and each civilization has one or two leaders with specific personality characteristics with special power to strengthen probability statistics. In the Civyrisations game, various historical and famous buildings have appeared, and China has been listed in other countries. In particular, the Emperor Qin and Mao Zedong are lined up as Chinese leaders, and Beijing is the capital. In addition, the Great Wall and the San Gorge Dam of the Manli are also listed as the world's amazing. CEASIA, the official simplified Chinese version of the Chinese version, had a strict sel f-censory before releasing the game in 2007 due to many mentions of historical and political elements and the risk of censorship. 。 Localizers have rewrote almost all of China's stories to suppress censorship authorities. Thus, China has a capital in Kitajo, and has been changed to a fictional ninet y-nine kingdom, which has two leaders, Nata.

Both of these two games do not seem to violate the legal requirements stipulated in the official rules, but games have been significantly fixed under sel f-censorship with the game localizer. Gamers are always effective because they can avoid government blocks by using a proxy server or private server or accessing pirated games from some online forums. It is worth noting that it is not necessarily.

As clear from the discussions above, the censorship system on digital games has a significant impact on localization of games in China. In particular, some game translators and localizers are subjective because of the fact that multiple censorship authorities are involved, the guidelines for the suitability of game content are ambiguous, and the screening process is not transparent. There is evidence that we have begun to consider the size and degree of what is allowed. In such a situation, it can be said that some of the fixes that the game localizer add to the game may become more severe than what the authorities think in order to avoid potential censorship problems. Maybe. In this way, translators and producers need a more detailed guidance on the Chinese censorship system to ensure the effectiveness of the game industry and the smooth operation of the game industry.

[1] Xinhua Games [Shi n-Yun Y u-Uchi] (March 16, 2011): Yugen Institute of Technology: 2010 China Y u-产业产业调查要要要要要要要要调查 Visited September 24, 2011.

[2] Hu, Yinan and Wang, XING (2009): Battle out of the online game "WOW". September 2011,.

[3] General of the People's Republic of China [Lon g-Gon g-th e-House of the People's Republic of the People's Republican] (2008): 关 Y u-Shui National Shinto Publishing Office (National Edition Bureau) Main 职责 Incheo n-Uch i-Kazuho 员 September 24, 2011 visit. Visit on September 24, 2011. These two games do not seem to violate the legal requirements stipulated in the official rules, but the game has been significantly modified under the games localizer. There is. Gamers are always effective because they can avoid government blocks by using a proxy server or private server or accessing pirated games from some online forums. It is worth noting that it is not necessarily.

Chinese cities launch initiatives to become e-sports hubs

[1] Xinhua Games [Shi n-Yun Y u-Uchi] (March 16, 2011): Y u-Koi Institute of Technology: 2010 Chinese Y u-产业产业调查要要要要要要要要 Visited September 24, 2011.

[2] Hu, Yinan and Wang, XING (2009): Battle out of the online game "WOW". September 2011,.

As clear from the discussions above, the censorship system on digital games has a significant impact on localization of games in China. In particular, some game translators and localizers are subjective because of the fact that multiple censorship authorities are involved, the guidelines for the suitability of game content are ambiguous, and the screening process is not transparent. There is evidence that we have begun to consider the size and degree of what is allowed. In such a situation, it can be said that some of the fixes that the game localizer add to the game may become more severe than what the authorities think in order to avoid potential censorship problems. Maybe. In this way, translators and producers need more detailed guidance on China's censorship system to ensure future effectiveness and the smooth operation of the game industry.

[1] Xinhua Games [Shi n-Yun Y u-Uchi] (March 16, 2011): Yugen Institute of Technology: 2010 China Y u-产业产业调查要要要要要要要要调查 Visited September 24, 2011.

[2] Hu, Yinan and Wang, XING (2009): Battle out of the online game "WOW". September 2011,.

Regulatory environment

[4] Office of the National Public Sector Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China (2009): Notice on the Central Editorial Board's dealings with the Ministry of Culture, the State Administration of Radio, Television and Television, and the Press and Publication Administration on the Explanation of Certain Provisions Concerning Anime, Online Games, and the Cultural Market in the Three Decisions; Notice on the Printing and Distribution of the Explanation of the Office of the National Public Sector Reform Commission on Certain Provisions Concerning Comics; Notice on the Printing and Distribution of the Explanation of the Office of the National Public Sector Reform Commission on the Explanation of Certain Provisions Concerning Comics in the Three Decisions Concerning the Ministry of Culture, the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, and the State Administration of Press, Publication and Publication on the Comprehensive Legal Enforcement of Comics, Online Games, and the Cultural Market in the Three Decisions. Visited on September 24, 2011. [5] Luo Liang (2009): GAPP's Kou Xiaowei: Pre-publication review and approval have two aspects. Visited September 24, 2011.

Playing limits for minors

[6] Li, Miao (2010): General Administration of Press and Publication takes several measures to strengthen online game supervision. Visited September 24, 2011.

[7] GAPP - Office of the National Copyright Office and National Anti-Copyright and Anti-Pornography Working Group (2009): Notices on the implementation of the State Council's Major Responsibilities Regulations, Relevant Interpretations of the Office of the Public Sector Reform of the State Council and the Office of the Public Sector Reform Commission of the State Council, Notices on the implementation of the provisions on the major responsibilities, internal functions and personnel allocation of the Office of the State Council and the Office of the Public Sector Reform Commission of the State Council on further strengthening the pre-approval of online games and the management of imported online games. Accessed September 24, 2011. [8] gapp [Newspaper Publishing Agency of the People's Republic of China] (2010): Publication outside the boundaries of publishing works can be mutually agreed upon by users, reviews of works, reviews and materials [Explanation regarding application materials for publication examination approval of online game products licensed by foreign copyright holders]. General Administration of Newspapers and Publications of the People's Republic of China. Accessed September 24, 2011.

[9] gapp (2007): [Online game addiction prevention system development standard]. General Administration of Newspaper and Publication of the People's Republic of China. Visited on September 24, 2011.

[10] gapp (2011): 关于启动网络游戏控沉扞实名验证的 operative notice [Notice on activating real-name verification work to prevent online game addiction]. General Administration of Newspaper and Publication of the People's Republic of China. Accessed September 24, 2011.

Distribution freezes

[11] moc (2011): Interim Regulations on Internet Culture Management. Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China. Visited September 24, 2011. .

[12] China Culture Department (MOC) (2006): Censor on the contents of imported Internet cultural products for the Internet Cultural Import Organization.

[13] Liang Naka City People's Public Prosecutor (2009): Completed nuclear system is perfect [Expected to improve the censorship system]. Visited September 24, 2011.

Video game and livestreaming platforms

[14] Ministry of the People's Republic of China (2010): 关 Improvement Wako 强网络 Contents Management Working Notification [Notifications on improving online game content management]. Visited September 24, 2011.

[15] China National Council (Kokuse n-in) (2011): Publishing management ordinance. View on September 24, 2011.

[Publishing activities are in the direction of serving the people and socialism, are instructed by Marx Leninism, Mao Zedong, Maozawa, and the third generation, and implemented the "scientific development view". It is necessary to disseminate and accumulate science and technology cultural knowledge that contributes to qualitative improvement, economic development, and social progress, and promote the development of science and technology culture. It spreads knowledge of science, technology, and culture, inherits the excellent culture of the nation, promotes international cultural exchange, and enriches the spirit of the people. Note 15 Refer.

[17] [(i) What is important in elevating and disseminating the basic principles specified by the Constitution (II) Promoting the core system of socialism and promoting patriotism, collectiveism, socialism. It has an important role in educating the national unity, playing an important role in promoting social, occupational, and homely virtue (III) to promote the excellent culture of the nation and promote international cultural exchange. What to do (IV): Promoting cultural innovation and making important contributions to reflect new scientific and cultural results in Japan and overseas in a timely manner; Those who play a role; (F) Others with important ideological, scientific, cultural and artistic value]. Note 15 Refer.

[18] (a) Opposition to the basic principles determined by the Constitution (b) Make the unity, sovereignty and territorial conservation of the nation at risk (c) Expose the national confidentiality and make the national security and the honor of the state And harm (d) Hatle hatred or ethnic discrimination, impair national unification, or infringe ethnic customs or habits (e) promoting cult or superstition (F) Wind theory. (VII) to disturb the order of society and impair social stability (VII) To promote obscene, gambling, violence, or (VIII) insult or slander others, and legitimate rights and profits. Invasion, (IX) Social morality or the excellent cultural tradition of the nation, and (X) and other prohibitions under laws, administrative laws and government regulations. ] Note 11.

[19] YANGYU, BOLUO (2009): Each Cultural Department 门 The Legal Motor of the Legal Cultural Division 219 [Each grade Culture Department surveyed and punished more than 219 or more illegal online games] .. Viewed on September 24, 2011.

[20] 文化部（2009 年）：『暴力団』をテーマとする違法オンラインゲームの調査・処罰に関する文化部総局の回覧』［The Circulation of the General Office of Culture of the Ministry of Culture on the Theme of 「 GANGSTERS "A notice of the General Bureau of Cultural Division on investigating and detecting illegal net games on the theme of" reaction gang ". ] Viewed on September 24, 2011.

[21] Mori, Rui, Zhu, Wei (2004): Culture, investigated and prosecuted illegal video games "Iron Shinki"]. Iron heart] View on September 24, 2011.

[22] Zhang Peng (2005): GAPP investigates the game "The History II in the Great East Asia Cooperation Area II".].
[23] Mori, Rui and Chen, Fi (2005): The Ministry of Culture has urgently banned the online game "Football Manager 2005"]. Football Manager 2005]. Visit September 24, 2011,.

[24] Tang, Xinyi (2004): Green Games Recommendation Standards Issued to Limit Ages in Online Games. Accessed 24 September 2011.

[25] Zhang Han (2010): Ministry of Culture Response to Proposal to Close Internet Cafes. Accessed 24 September 2011.

Elim Poon - Journalist, Creative Writer

Last modified: 27.08.2024

“Censorship and Digital Games Localization in China”. Meta: Journal des traducteurs / Translators' Journal, vol 57, glfe.info Original language, English. Pages (from-to), Journal, Meta: Journal des traducteurs / Translators' Journal. Volume, Issue number, 2. Venuti (ed) The Translation glfe.info “Censorship and digital games localisation in China”. Meta: Journal des.

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