IJERPH Free FullText Comparison of Official and Friendly Matches through Acceleration Deceleration

Comparison of Official and Friendly Matches through Acceleration, Deceleration and Metabolic Power Measures: A Full-Season Study in Professional Soccer Players

Soccer is a popular team sport and is a very highly demanding activity that requires high efforts and lon g-term training plans. The purpose of this study is to compare acceleration, deceleration, and metabolism between the half and the first half of the match, the half of the match between the official games, the first half of the match, and the half of both the official and the friendly match. 12 professional soccer players (age: 28. 6 ± 2. 7 years, height: 182. 1 ± 8. 6cm, weight: 75. 3 ± 8. 2kg, BMI: 22. 6 ± 0. 7kg/m2) participated. Analyzed 33 officials in the Iranian Premier League and 10 friendly games. All games were monitored using GPSPORTS SYSTEMS PTY LTD. The following variables were selected: total time, metabolic power, acceleration Zone1 (<2 m·s −2 ) (AccZ1), accelerations Zone2 (2 to 4 m·s −2 ) (AccZ2), accelerations Zone3 (>4 m ・ S-2) (ACCZ3), deceleration zone 1 (-4 m / s-2) (DECZ3). The main findings were indicated by metabolic power, indicating high values in friendly matches (p)< 0.05 with small effect size). Furthermore, total duration, AccZ3, DecZ1, DecZ2, and DecZ3 were revealed to be higher in official matches, while AccZ1 and AccZ2 were higher in friendly matches. The second half of the official matches revealed higher values for total duration compared to friendly matches ( p < 0.05, moderate effect size). In conclusion, this study observed higher values of metabolic power in friendly matches compared to official matches. AccZ3, DecZ1, DecZ2, and DecZ3 were higher in official matches, while AccZ1 and AccZ2 were higher in friendly matches.

keyword

1. Introduction

Soccer is a popular team sport and is a very harsh activity that requires high efforts and lon g-term training plans. Therefore, in order for soccer players to achieve specific training adaptation, a high physical conditioning level is required. In addition, soccer players need a high level of aerobic fitness in order to create and maintain power during continuous hig h-strength efforts. [3] Elite soccer players run about 9. 1 km during the match, of which 1. 3 km is reportedly performed with hig h-strength running. [4] Soccer is a popular team sport and is a very highly demanding activity that requires high efforts and lon g-term training plans. The purpose of this study is to compare acceleration, deceleration, and metabolism between the half and the first half of the match, the half of the match between the official games, the first half of the match, and the half of both the official and the friendly match. 12 professional soccer players (age: 28. 6 ± 2. 7 years, height: 182. 1 ± 8. 6cm, weight: 75. 3 ± 8. 2kg, BMI: 22. 6 ± 0. 7kg/m2) participated. Analyzed 33 officials in the Iranian Premier League and 10 friendly games. All games were monitored using GPSPORTS SYSTEMS PTY LTD. The following variables were selected: total time, metabolic power, acceleration Zone1 (

4 m ・ S-2) (ACCZ3), deceleration zone 1 (-4 m / s-2) (DECZ3). The main findings were indicated by metabolic power, indicating high values in friendly matches (p)

keyword

Soccer is a popular team sport and is a very harsh activity that requires high efforts and lon g-term training plans. Therefore, in order for soccer players to achieve specific training adaptation, a high physical conditioning level is required. In addition, soccer players need a high level of aerobic fitness in order to create and maintain power during continuous hig h-strength efforts. [3] Elite soccer players run about 9. 1 km during the match, of which 1. 3 km is reportedly performed with hig h-strength running. [4] Soccer is a popular team sport and is a very highly demanding activity that requires high efforts and lon g-term training plans. The purpose of this study is to compare acceleration, deceleration, and metabolism between the half and the first half of the match, the half of the match between the official games, the first half of the match, and the half of both the official and the friendly match. 12 professional soccer players (age: 28. 6 ± 2. 7 years, height: 182. 1 ± 8. 6cm, weight: 75. 3 ± 8. 2kg, BMI: 22. 6 ± 0. 7kg/m2) participated. Analyzed 33 officials in the Iranian Premier League and 10 friendly games. All games were monitored using GPSPORTS SYSTEMS PTY LTD. The following variables were selected: total time, metabolic power, acceleration Zone1 (_{4 m ・ S-2) (ACCZ3), deceleration zone 1 (-4 m / s-2) (DECZ3). The main findings were indicated by metabolic power, indicating high values in friendly matches (p)}keyword

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Approach to the Problem

The main purpose of friendly matches is to prepare the players / teams in the official game, so the results are not important. Therefore, in friendly matches, the psychological stress on players is less than the official game. In the friendly match, the players move about 10 km away. Furthermore, the mileage in the first half of the game is 5-10 % higher than the mileage in the second half [6, 7]. In competition games, hig h-strength acceleration and deceleration account for most of the bi o-mechanics external load. In the past studies,+3/ -3 m/ seconds and two square (M/ S-2) were used as the threshold for high strength acceleration and deceleration [9, 10], but recent research [11, 12 ], It is suggested that+2/-2 m/ s-2 is desirable as the maximum threshold than the maximum threshold. High strength deceleration is repeated 2. 9 times more than high strength acceleration. Professional players have the ability to maintain a higher acceleration and deceleration frequency and size than beginner players. A survey on the indicator of injuries related to the load showed that mechanical stress factors that appear in deceleration activities are important neuromus muscle fatigue and tissue damage. Similarly, the acceleration demands are related to the external load of the player, so it seems that they need to be monitored continuously.

Acceleration (muscle outletic movement) and deceleration (muscle eccentric movement) are important factors in professional soccer. Acceleration is the ability to create high speeds in a short distance or time [17], and deceleration is defined as the ability to reduce the high speed. There are three zones for acceleration and deceleration: acceleration zone 1 (4 m / s-2) (ACCZ3) and deceleration zone 1 (-4 m / s-2) (DECZ3). During the match, in all play positions, acceleration accounts for 7 to 10 % of the entire player's load, and the deceleration accounts for 5-7 %. Obviously, in the range from lo w-strength to medium strength, acceleration occurs more than deceleration. Comparing the first half of the match play, the frequency of high strength and ultr a-hig h-strength acceleration and deceleration decreases from the first half to the second half. The main purpose of friendly matches is to prepare the players / teams in the official game, so the results are not important. Therefore, in friendly matches, the psychological stress on players is less than the official game. In the friendly match, the players move about 10 km away. Furthermore, the mileage in the first half of the game is 5-10 % higher than the mileage in the second half [6, 7]. In competition games, hig h-strength acceleration and deceleration account for most of the bi o-mechanics external load. In the past studies,+3/ -3 m/ seconds and two square (M/ S-2) were used as the threshold for high strength acceleration and deceleration [9, 10], but recent research [11, 12 ], It is suggested that+2/-2 m/ s-2 is desirable as the maximum threshold than the maximum threshold. High strength deceleration is repeated 2. 9 times more than high strength acceleration. Professional players have the ability to maintain a higher acceleration and deceleration frequency and size than beginner players. A survey on the indicator of injuries related to the load showed that mechanical stress factors that appear in deceleration activities are important neuromus muscle fatigue and tissue damage. Similarly, the acceleration demands are related to the external load of the player, so it seems that they need to be monitored continuously.

2.2. Participants

Acceleration (muscle outletic movement) and deceleration (muscle eccentric movement) are important factors in professional soccer. Acceleration is the ability to create high speeds in a short distance or time [17], and deceleration is defined as the ability to reduce the high speed. There are three zones for acceleration and deceleration: acceleration zone 1 (4 m / s-2) (ACCZ3) and deceleration zone 1 (-4 m / s-2) (DECZ3). During the match, in all play positions, acceleration accounts for 7 to 10 % of the entire player's load, and the deceleration accounts for 5-7 %. Obviously, in the range from lo w-strength to medium strength, acceleration occurs more than deceleration. Comparing the first half of the match play, the frequency of high strength and ultr a-hig h-strength acceleration and deceleration decreases from the first half to the second half. The main purpose of friendly matches is to prepare the players / teams in the official game, so the results are not important. Therefore, in friendly matches, the psychological stress on players is less than the official game. In the friendly match, the players move about 10 km away. Furthermore, the mileage in the first half of the game is 5-10 % higher than the mileage in the second half [6, 7]. In competition games, hig h-strength acceleration and deceleration account for most of the bi o-mechanics external load. In the past studies,+3/ -3 m/ seconds and two square (M/ S-2) were used as the threshold for high strength acceleration and deceleration [9, 10], but recent research [11, 12 ], It is suggested that+2/-2 m/ s-2 is desirable as the maximum threshold than the maximum threshold. High strength deceleration is repeated 2. 9 times more than high strength acceleration. Professional players have the ability to maintain a higher acceleration and deceleration frequency and size than beginner players. A survey on the indicator of injuries related to the load showed that mechanical stress factors that appear in deceleration activities are important neuromus muscle fatigue and tissue damage. Similarly, the acceleration demands are related to the external load of the player, so it seems that they need to be monitored continuously.

2.3. Monitoring External Workload

According to early measurements of metabolic demand by assessing body temperature [20, 21], the average metabolic load of soccer players was VO

2max

2.4. Statistical Analysis

. Metabolic power has been presented as a tool to estimate the energy demand of movements with variable speeds, especially in team sports [16]. The concept of average metabolic power estimates the energy expenditure of acceleration and deceleration obtained by the Global Positioning System (GPS), where acceleration and deceleration seem to be the main contributors to the energy cost [16]. Metabolic load is imposed on players at high intensity levels of the match and when acceleration increases, even at low speeds. Metabolic power measures energy expenditure and is therefore a good indicator of average work intensity [16].<0.2 = trivial, 0.2 to 0.6 = small effect, >After FIFA allowed the use of Electronic Performance Tracking Systems (EPTS) in competitive competitions in 2015, the use of GPS technology to track and control external loads in training and soccer matches has increased [22]. Measurements of acceleration, deceleration, and metabolic power obtained from microtechnological devices such as GPS may be used in team sports to provide training loads. GPS has been shown to be usable in official competitive matches [23]. A GPS is roughly the same size as a mobile phone and can be carried by players during training sessions and matches. GPS has been determined to have reliability and validity for monitoring training [25]. In elite matches, there has been no change in acceleration frequency between halftime [26], but a decrease in acceleration and deceleration ability has been reported in the second half [27]. It is therefore conceivable that players may function differently in the mean values of acceleration, deceleration, and metabolic power in official and friendly matches. Furthermore, these variables may have different values between the first and second halves. Given that monitoring workload, including acceleration, deceleration, and metabolic forces, can help prevent training-induced injuries, these information are highly useful for coaches to design appropriate training programs to achieve their team's goals. Therefore, in this study, we performed a comparison using GPS:

This study involved professional soccer teams participating in the highest level of the IPL (Persian Gulf Premier League, the country's knockout tournament). In this league, each team is allowed to use GPS to record players' physical fitness statistics. Thirty-three official matches and ten friendly matches were analyzed.

3. Results

During each match, players used GPS (GPSPORTS systems Pty Ltd., Model: SPI High-Performance Unit (HPU); Fyshwick, Australian), and study variables were collected daily for a full season (i. e., all training and matches). Details of how the GPS system was used are described in Section 2. 3.< 0.05 with small effect size). The other variables did not present significant differences. Furthermore, total duration, AccZ3, DecZ1, DecZ2, and DecZ3 were revealed to be higher in official matches, while AccZ1 and AccZ2 were higher in friendly matches.

This study shows 12 professional soccer players who have been training in at least eight years of training and soccer league matches (age, 28. 6 ± 2. 7 years, height, 182. 1 ± 8. 6cm, weight, 75. 3 ± 8. 2kg, BMI. , 22. 6 ± 0. 7kg/m2) participated. The criterion was to participate in at least three training sessions every week. In addition, the players had to participate in full match for three consecutive games. The exclusion criteria are as follows: (i) Prolonged injuries and players who have not participated in training for at least two weeks (two players were excluded based on this standard). (II) The goalkeeper was excluded from research because of the difference in training activities, training and games compared to field players. Table 1 shows the play time and mileage of each player.< 0.05, moderate effect size), but the other variables did not present differences between official and friendly matches during the second half.

4. Discussion

During the season, all workouts and match sessions were monitored using GPSPORTS SYSTEMS PTY LTD. The SPI HPU model contains a data source of a 15Hz position GPS and a body load (BL) using a thre e-axis acceleration meter. According to previous research, this device has high effectiveness and reliability. This device was accurate in measurement of high sprint speed (fluctuation coefficient = 0. 90%). No bad weather has been reported to affect data collection. In this study, 12 professional soccer players (age, 28. 6 ± 2. 7 years old, height, 182. 1 ± 8. 6cm, weigh, 75. 3 ± 8. 2, 75. 3 ± 8. 2 (age, 28. 6 ± 2. 7 years old, height, 182. 1 ± 8. 6cm, weighs, 75. 3 ± 8. 2, weighs, weighs, weighs, weighs, weighs, weighs, weighs, weighs, weighing, KG, BMI, 22. 6 ± 0. 7kg/m2) participated. The criterion was to participate in at least three training sessions every week. In addition, the players had to participate in full match for three consecutive games. The exclusion criteria are as follows: (i) Prolonged injuries and players who have not participated in training for at least two weeks (two players were excluded based on this standard). (II) The goalkeeper was excluded from research because of the difference in training activities, training and games compared to field players. Table 1 shows the play time and mileage of each player.

The experimental approach and research design were presented to the players, and all players received writing consent. This research has obtained the approval of the ethics committee of the University of Mohaheg Ardaviri (1395. 10. 20; decision date: 2017. 01. 09) in accordance with the ethics guidelines for Helsinki Declaration on Human Research.< 0.05 with small effect size) compared to official matches. Metabolic power is an estimation tool for the energetic demands of variable-speed locomotion, which is very common in team sports. Osgnach et al. stated that metabolic power output at high intensity or sprinting is justly elevated. However, in low running speeds, whenever the acceleration is elevated, a similar power can also be achieved [12]. According to the data, AccZ1 and AccZ3 are higher in the first half, and AccZ2 is higher in the second half of the friendly match rather than the official match. Therefore, there might be a relationship between elevation of acceleration and increase in metabolic power.

During the season, all workouts and match sessions were monitored using GPSPORTS SYSTEMS PTY LTD. The SPI HPU model contains a data source of a 15Hz position GPS and a body load (BL) using a thre e-axis acceleration meter. According to previous research, this device has high effectiveness and reliability. This device was accurate in measurement of high sprint speed (fluctuation coefficient = 0. 90%). No bad weather has been reported to affect data collection. This study shows 12 professional soccer players who have been training in at least eight years of training and soccer league matches (age, 28. 6 ± 2. 7 years, height, 182. 1 ± 8. 6cm, weight, 75. 3 ± 8. 2kg, BMI. , 22. 6 ± 0. 7kg/m2) participated. The criterion was to participate in at least three training sessions every week. In addition, the players had to participate in full match for three consecutive games. The exclusion criteria are as follows: (i) Prolonged injuries and players who have not participated in training for at least two weeks (two players were excluded based on this standard). (II) The goalkeeper was excluded from research because of the difference in training activities, training and games compared to field players. Table 1 shows the play time and mileage of each player.

The experimental approach and research design were presented to the players, and all players received writing consent. This study has obtained the approval of the ethics committee of Mohaheg Aldabili University (1395. 10. 20; decision date: 2017. 01. 09) in accordance with the ethics guidelines for the Helsinki Declaration on Human Research.< 0.05, moderate effect size), but the other variables did not present differences between the second halves of official and friendly matches. Most of the external load variables showed higher values during the first few minutes of exercise [39,40]. Some studies revealed that during the second half, the distance run decreases [41,42]. Moreover, total distance and high-intensity running for players in a ‘high’ activity group were significantly lower in the second half [43]. Dalen et al. explained that acceleration in the second half was 14% less than the first half of the soccer match [44]. This decrement could result in a state of advanced fatigue in the last minutes of the second half [42]. However, Bradley et al. reported no changes between halves in the frequency of accelerations during elite matches when classified into two intensity thresholds (medium or high) [26]. In addition, Akenhead et al. showed that there is no change in the distances at high-intensity soccer matches, although other markers of acceleration and deceleration capacity illustrate small declines throughout the second half [35]. In this regard, Russell et al. expressed that although the number of accelerations and decelerations are reduced in the second half, the distance covered at high intensity remained steady between halves [27]. Unfortunately, the present study did not analyze that variable.

During the season, all workouts and match sessions were monitored using GPSPORTS SYSTEMS PTY LTD. The SPI HPU model contains a data source for a 15Hz position GPS and a body load (BL) using a thre e-axis acceleration meter. According to previous research, this device has high effectiveness and reliability. This device was accurate in measurement of high sprint speed (fluctuation coefficient = 0. 90%). No bad weather has been reported to affect data collection.

Before the start of the match, a belt was attached to the player's shoulders and chests based on past research [18, 29, 30, 31]. After a cool down at the end of the training, the belt was collected from the player. All belts were checked by the team's GPS manager, entered the dock system to download information and saved on the computer with Team AMS software. The data in each session was automatically deleted from the memory of the belt after downloading. Before the next session, the belt was placed on the electric charging station. The SPI IQ Absolute was adjusted to the default zone of GPS throughout the season. In addition, the personal characteristics (height, weight, etc.) of each player were entered into the software, and each player registered the belt to be used until the end of the season. Then, the following variables were selected: Total time of the game, metabolic power, ACCZ1 (4 m / S 2); decz1 (-4 m / s 2). According to the GPS manufacturer's instructions, the calculation of metabolic power is based on past research [16]. Furthermore, metabolic power has a strong relationship with the running distance. The comparison of these variables between the official games and the friendly match was conducted in a previous study [32].

5. Conclusions

The data was analyzed using the SPSS Version 22. 0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for Windows statistical software package. First, the description and characteristics of the specimen were performed using descriptive statistics. The Shapiro Wilk test and the Revere test were used for assumptions of regularity and equal variance, respectively. The T-test, which has a 95 % confidence section (CI), is used to compare the official match, friendly match, first half and second half when the variables get a normal distribution (Shapiro Wilk P> 0. 05). Ta. For statistical significance, the α level was set to p ≦ 0. 05. By standardizing the coefficient in accordance with the appropriate inter-subject standard deviation, the effect is calculated to determine the magnitude of the effect-the size statistics, which is represented by 95 % CI, and evaluated by the following criteria:

Author Contributions

0. 6 to 1. 2 = moderate effect, & gt; 1. 2 to 2. 0 = great effect, & gt; 2. 0 = very large effect. Before the start of the game, the belt was attached to the player's shoulders and chests based on past research [18, 29, 30, 31]. After a cool down at the end of the training, the belt was collected from the player. All belts were checked by the team's GPS manager, entered the dock system to download information and saved on the computer with Team AMS software. The data in each session was automatically deleted from the memory of the belt after downloading. Before the next session, the belt was placed on the electric charging station. The SPI IQ Absolute was adjusted to the default zone of GPS throughout the season. In addition, the personal characteristics (height, weight, etc.) of each player were entered into the software, and each player registered the belt to be used until the end of the season. Then, the following variables were selected: Total time of the game, metabolic power, ACCZ1 (4 m / S 2); decz1 (-4 m / s 2). According to the GPS manufacturer's instructions, the calculation of metabolic power is based on past research [16]. Furthermore, metabolic power has a strong relationship with the running distance. The comparison of these variables between the official games and the friendly match was conducted in a previous study [32].

Funding

The data was analyzed using the SPSS Version 22. 0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for Windows statistical software package. First, the description and characteristics of the specimen were performed using descriptive statistics. The Shapiro Wilk test and the Revere test were used for assumptions of regularity and equal variance, respectively. The T-test, which has a 95 % confidence section (CI), is used to compare the official match, friendly match, first half and second half when the variables get a normal distribution (Shapiro Wilk P> 0. 05). Ta. For statistical significance, the α level was set to p ≦ 0. 05. By standardizing the coefficient in accordance with the appropriate inter-subject standard deviation, the effect is calculated to determine the magnitude of the effect-the size statistics, represented by 95 % CI, and evaluated by the following criteria:

Institutional Review Board Statement

0. 6 to 1. 2 = moderate effect, & gt; 1. 2 to 2. 0 = great effect, & gt; 2. 0 = very large effect. Before the start of the match, a belt was attached to the player's shoulders and chests based on past research [18, 29, 30, 31]. After a cool down at the end of the training, the belt was collected from the player. All belts were checked by the team's GPS manager, entered in the dock system to download information and stored on a computer with Team AMS software. The data in each session was automatically deleted from the memory of the belt after downloading. Before the next session, the belt was placed on the electric charging station. The SPI IQ Absolute was adjusted to the default zone of GPS throughout the season. In addition, the personal characteristics (height, weight, etc.) of each player were entered into the software, and each player registered the belt to be used until the end of the season. Then, the following variables were selected: Total time of the game, metabolic power, ACCZ1 (4 m / S 2); decz1 (-4 m / s 2). According to the GPS manufacturer's instructions, the calculation of metabolic power is based on past research [16]. Furthermore, metabolic power has a strong relationship with the running distance. The comparison of these variables between the official games and the friendly match was conducted in a previous study [32].

Informed Consent Statement

Data Availability Statement

0. 6 to 1. 2 = moderate effect, & gt; 1. 2 to 2. 0 = great effect, & gt; 2. 0 = very large effect.

Acknowledgments

Furthermore, based on the result of G-Power [34], the T-certification family specimen detection power was calculated by the median value of the effect, and post-hoc compute Achieve Power (α level = 0. 05, n = 12). In this analysis and specimens, there is 85 % detection power (actual inspection).

Conflicts of Interest

Table 2 shows the comparison of descriptive results and official games and friendly games. Regarding ful l-match data, there was no difference in the length of the match time between official and friendly matches. The main findings are metabolic power, which shows higher values in friendly matches compared to official games (p)

References

There was no significant difference between the first half of the official game and the friendly match (all P & GT; 0. 05). Comparing the second half of the official game and the second half of the friendly match, the duration is higher (P)
Table 3 shows the comparison between the official game and the first half and the second half of the official match. Regarding the official game, the duration of ACCZ1, ACCZ2, ACCZ3, DECZ1, and DECZ2 was higher in the first half of the official match (all
The main purpose of this study was to compare acceleration, deceleration, metabolism power in official games and friendly games, and comparing these variables in the first half of the match.
Our hypothesis shows that the average value of acceleration, deceleration, and metabolism in the official game and the average value of the players may differ, and these variables may differ between the first half and the second half. It was. As a result of the research, our hypothesis was backed up. The main discovery was that both half of friendly matches had a high metabolic power (p
In addition, ACCZ3, DECZ1, DECZ2, and DECZ3 are expensive in official games, and ACCZ1 and ACCZ2 are expensive in friendly matches. It is stated that acceleration may be a sensitive indicator for hig h-speed activity. AKENHEAD and his colleagues reported that the spee d-down ability would decrease during soccer games. [35] [36] According to Australian soccer research, the maximum acceleration number of acceleration was significantly reduced as the match proceeded. [37] Freitas and colleagues do not require a hig h-performance demand for friendships compared to official games. In the official game, the players are psychological pressure because of the importance of the game, the intensity of the game, the anxiety about the competition, and the probably the high level of players' commitments.
In this study, when comparing the official game and the second half of the friendly match, the official game had a higher duration value (P)
Despite the new discoveries of this research, there were several limits. Soccer is a team sport that depends on various factors and is determined by the interaction of technical, tactical, physiological, and psychological elements. In this study, psychological factors are not taken into account, and it is recommended that future research will investigate the effects of this factor. Another limit of this study is that the team's tactical system and the venue of the tournament (that is, home or away) does not match. In future research, it is highly recommended to consider comparison between games based on tactics and venue matching. In addition, we propose that the results of the match result will be further analyzed for future research because there is no analysis that may affect the results of this research. The sample size is 12, smaller than a similar paper [19, 44]. It is suggested that the number of participants should be increased in order to generalize the knowledge of this study. However, the strength of this research is that it is dedicated to professional soccer players and considers two common soccer games, official and friendly matches. The training and competition environment obtained in this study represent the actual scenario during the full season. In addition, the use of GPS data, which is accurate and reliable microtechnology, is also a positive aspect of this study. In addition, ACCZ3, DECZ1, DECZ2, and DECZ3 are expensive in official games, and ACCZ1 and ACCZ2 are expensive in friendly matches. It is stated that acceleration may be a sensitive indicator for hig h-speed activity. AKENHEAD and his colleagues reported that the spee d-down ability would decrease during soccer games. [35] [36] According to Australian soccer research, the maximum acceleration number of acceleration was significantly reduced as the match proceeded. [37] Freitas and colleagues do not require a hig h-performance demand for friendships compared to official games. In the official game, the players are psychological pressure because of the importance of the game, the intensity of the game, the anxiety about the competition, and the probably the high level of players' commitments.
In this study, when comparing the official game and the second half of the friendly match, the official game had a higher duration value (P)
Despite the new discoveries of this research, there were several limits. Soccer is a team sport that depends on various factors and is determined by the interaction of technical, tactical, physiological, and psychological elements. In this study, psychological factors are not taken into account, and it is recommended that future research will investigate the effects of this factor. Another limit of this study is that the team's tactical system and the venue of the tournament (that is, home or away) does not match. In future research, it is highly recommended to consider comparison between games based on tactics and venue matching. In addition, we propose that the results of the match result will be further analyzed for future research because there is no analysis that may affect the results of this research. The sample size is 12, smaller than a similar paper [19, 44]. It is suggested that the number of participants should be increased in order to generalize the knowledge of this study. However, the strength of this research is that it is dedicated to professional soccer players and considers two common soccer games, official and friendly matches. The training and competition environment obtained in this study represent the actual scenario during the full season. In addition, the use of GPS data, which is accurate and reliable microtechnology, is also a positive aspect of this study. In addition, ACCZ3, DECZ1, DECZ2, and DECZ3 are expensive in official games, and ACCZ1 and ACCZ2 are expensive in friendly matches. It is stated that acceleration may be a sensitive indicator for hig h-speed activity. AKENHEAD and his colleagues reported that the spee d-down ability would decrease during soccer games. [35] [36] According to Australian soccer research, the maximum acceleration number of acceleration was significantly reduced as the match proceeded. [37] Freitas and colleagues do not require a hig h-performance demand for friendships compared to official games. In the official game, the players are psychological pressure because of the importance of the game, the intensity of the game, the anxiety about the competition, and the probably the high level of players' commitments.
In this study, when comparing the official game and the second half of the friendly match, the official game had a higher duration value (P)
Despite the new discoveries of this research, there were several limits. Soccer is a team sport that depends on various factors and is determined by the interaction of technical, tactical, physiological, and psychological elements. In this study, psychological factors are not taken into account, and it is recommended that future research will investigate the effects of this factor. Another limit of this study is that the team's tactical system and the venue of the tournament (that is, home or away) does not match. In future research, it is highly recommended to consider comparison between games based on tactics and venue matching. In addition, we propose that the results of the match result will be further analyzed for future research because there is no analysis that may affect the results of this research. The sample size is 12, smaller than a similar paper [19, 44]. It is suggested that the number of participants should be increased in order to generalize the knowledge of this study. However, the strength of this research is that it is dedicated to professional soccer players and considers two common soccer games, official and friendly matches. The training and competition environment obtained in this study represent the actual scenario during the full season. In addition, the use of GPS data, which is accurate and reliable microtechnology, is also a positive aspect of this study.
Considering the knowledge obtained in this paper, the use of a GP S-based tracking system, including a 15Hz position GPS and a data source BL using a 3-axis acceleration meter, is the total time required of players in soccer play, acceleration, and acceleration. It may be useful for evaluating the deceleration and metabolic power. Furthermore, metabolic power is an estimated tool for energy demand by variable speed exercise, and it is better to monitor in consideration of rising in both friendly matches. Therefore, the director and coach can use this research result to fix the training session and prepare players to respond to various types of competitions in accordance with specific requirements for each game.
In conclusion, the main discovery of this study was that metabolic power was higher in friendly games than official games. The total time required was high in both hal f-time, both official games and friendly matches. In addition, ACCZ3, DECZ1, DECZ2, and DECZ3 were expensive in official games, and ACCZ1 and ACCZ2 were high in friendly matches.
Writing-Created original draft: H. N., S. M. K., J. P.-G. 。
Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, I. P.
This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines for the Helsinki Declaration and obtained the approval of the Mohaheg Ardaviri University Ethics Committee (1395. 10. 20; decision date: 2017. 01. 09).
I got informed consent from all subjects involved in this study.
The datasets used and / or analyzed in this study can be obtained by the corresponding author if there is a reasonable request.
The authors would like to thank the team's coaches and players in all data collection procedures.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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1	A decrease in the speed / deceleration output during professional soccer games. J. Sci. Sport 2013, 16, 556-561. [Google School] [CrossRef] [Pubmed].	Agial, M.; Boterho, G.; Lago, C. Masas, V.; J. Hum. Kinet. 2012, 33, 103-113. [Google School] [CrossRef].	Freitas, C. G .; Aoki, M. S .; Arruda, A. F .; Franciscon, C .; Moreira J. Hum. Kinet. 2016, 53, 107-115.	(1) In the official game and mock matches in the soccer player, the reaction of saliva and immunoglobulin in the mock match (2) The reaction of saliva and immunoglobulin in the official game and mock games in women's handball players. Serb. J. SPORTS SCI. 2011 , 5, 67-73. [Google School].	Ferraz, r .; gonçAlves, b .; Jimenez Saiz, s .; Sampaio, MARQUES, M. CTS OF KNOWING TASK DURATION ON PLAYERS 'PACING Atterns During Soccer Small-SideD Games. J Sports Sci. 2018, 36, 116-122. [Google School] [CrossRef].	Mullen, t .; twist, c .; J. M. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2017, 12, 1192-1198. [Google Scholar].
2	Burgess, d .; naughton, g .; Norton, K. Profile of National Football Players in Australia. J. J. J. J. SCI. Le Scholar] [CrossRef] [Pubmed] .	Performance and fatigue in high-level soccer players. J. Sports Sci. 2003, 21, 519-528.	(1) Running performance fluctuations in soccer competitions: Either fatigue, pacing, or the effects of the situation? J. Sports Sci. 2013, 31, 1627-1638. [Google School] [CrossRef] [Pubmed].	Dalen, t .; lorås, h .; KjELDE, T. N .; Wisløff, U. Acceleration to Quantify to Quantify to Quantify PERFORMANCE ELITE Occer? EUR. J. Sport Sci. 2019, 19, 1015- 1023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Pubmed].	STølen, t .; chamari, k .; castagna, c .; wisløff, u. Physiology of soccer. Sports Med. 2005, 35, 501-536.	Table 1. Average value and standard deviation of each player in official games and friendly games.
3	Table 1. Average value and standard deviation of each player in official games and friendly games	Player name	Official match time (minutes)	Friendly match match time (minutes)	Official HSRD (M)	Friendly match HSRD (M)
4	Total sprint distance of the official game (M)	Total sprint distance of friendly match (M)	97. 2 ± 5. 5	88. 3 ± 23. 7	113. 5 ± 73. 7	109. 95 ± 89. 3
5	21. 4 ± 14. 8	11. 47 ± 6. 1	65. 6 ± 8. 9	84. 8 ± 27. 4	280. 5 ± 77. 9	337. 32 ± 135. 4
6	25. 1 ± 17. 7	20. 37 ± 14. 9	96. 2 ± 2. 9	92. 0 ± 1. 9	192. 1 ± 12. 5	222. 94 ± 71. 0
7	40. 9 ± 17. 9	4. 79 ± 28. 8	92. 0 ± 20. 5	88. 2 ± 16. 3	264. 4 ± 62. 2	205. 81 ± 173. 3
8	17. 4 ± 3. 7	36. 48 ± 15. 1	97. 5 ± 3. 5	90. 0 ± 28. 6	121. 8 ± 82. 7	100. 34 ± 100. 6
9	10. 6 ± 0	11. 02 ± 0	86. 5 ± 17. 3	83. 8 ± 25. 5	333. 6 ± 131. 7	213. 43 ± 143. 4
10	49. 4 ± 29. 8	23. 11 ± 25. 6	89. 5 ± 14. 5	84. 9 ± 13. 8	285. 5 ± 120. 3	279. 18 ± 174. 5
11	16. 4 ± 13. 9	42. 17 ± 13. 2	74. 7 ± 29. 4	79. 1 ± 13. 5	211. 6 ± 61. 3	234. 71 ± 120. 5
12	25. 0 ± 0	16. 48 ± 5. 6	94. 5 ± 9. 5	79. 6 ± 11. 6	382. 0 ± 110. 8	248. 49 ± 181. 2

47. 6 ± 31. 7

10. 38 ± 19. 4

83. 1 ± 24. 3	304. 8 ± 107. 1	262. 90 ± 102. 7	p	37. 5 ± 36. 6	33. 37 ± 23. 95
69. 1 ± 37. 4	85. 9 ± 9. 9	231. 4 ± 86. 2	301. 03 ± 148. 4	24. 6 ± 17. 8	33. 42 ± 21. 0
94. 8 ± 1. 9	90. 1 ± 13. 1	178. 7 ± 88. 0	130. 38 ± 76. 5	39. 0 ± 27. 6	26. 52 ± 12. 1
HSRD: Hig h-speed mileage (18-23km/ h-1); Total sprint distance (& gt; 23km/ h-1); min: minutes; M: meters.	Table 2. Comparison of data between official and friendly matches, the first half of the game, and the second half of the game (average ± standard deviation).	Table 2. Comparison of data between the day, first half, and second half of the full match between official games and friendly matches.	Full match	Official game (CI, 95%)	Friendly Match (CI, 95%)
CI (95%)	The magnitude of the effect	Duration time (minute)	87. 9 ± 11. 6 (80. 5-95. 3)	85. 8 ± 4. 1 (83. 2-88. 4)	0. 514
-4. 7, 8. 9	0. 24 (-0. 57, 1. 04)	Metabolism ( W-K G-1),	18. 4 ± 2. 0 (17. 2-19. 7)	19. 5 ± 1. 7 (18. 4-20. 5)	0. 029 *
-2. 0, -0. 1	-0. 59 (-1. 39, 0. 24)	ACCZ1 ( M-S -2)	126. 1 ± 19. 6 (113. 6-138. 5)	129. 5 ± 22. 4 (115. 3-143. 8)
0. 616	-18. 4, 11. 4	-0. 16 (-0. 96, 0. 65)	ACCZ2 ( M-S -2)	35. 2 ± 6. 4 (35. 1-39. 3)	36. 7 ± 7. 2 (32. 1-41. 3)
0. 510	-6. 1, 3. 2	-0. 41 (-1. 20, 0. 41)	ACCZ3 ( M-S -2)	4. 4 ± 1. 2 (3. 6-5. 2)	4. 3 ± 1. 2 (3. 5-5. 1)
0. 849	-0. 8, 1. 0	-0. 67 (-1. 46, 0. 18)	DECZ1 ( M-S -2)	62. 4 ± 10. 5 (55. 7-69. 1)	62. 2 ± 11. 0 (55. 2-69. 2)
69. 1 ± 37. 4	-6. 0, 6. 4	DECZ2 ( M-S -2)	23. 2 ± 3. 7 (20. 8-25. 5)	21. 9 ± 6. 3 (17. 9-26. 0)
94. 8 ± 1. 9	-2. 6, 5. 0	-0. 10 (0. 89, 0. 71)	DECZ3 ( M-S -2)	8. 4 ± 1. 6 (7. 5-9. 5)	8. 7 ± 2. 2 (7. 3-10. 1)
HSRD: Hig h-speed mileage (18-23km/ h-1); Total sprint distance (& gt; 23km/ h-1); min: minutes; M: meters.	-1. 5, 1. 1	-1. 35 (-2. 19, -0. 42)	First half of the war	Official game (CI, 95%)	Friendly Match (CI, 95%)
CI (95%)	CI (95%)	The magnitude of the effect	Duration time (minute)	47. 1 ± 1. 8 (45. 9-48. 2)	47. 2 ± 2. 7 (45. 5-48. 9)
-4. 7, 8. 9	-1. 9, 1. 6	Metabolism ( W-K G-1),	9. 7 ± 0. 8 (9. 2-10. 2)	9. 8 ± 0. 9 (9. 3-10. 4)	0. 585
-2. 0, -0. 1	-1. 06 (-1. 87, -0. 17)	ACCZ1 ( M-S -2)	71. 1 ± 11. 6 (63. 7-78. 4)	71. 8 ± 12. 8 (63. 7-79. 9)	Friendly Match (CI, 95%)
0. 616	-0. 01 (-0. 81, 0. 79)	ACCZ2 ( M-S -2)	19. 8 ± 4. 4 (17. 1-22. 6)	19. 4 ± 4. 7 (16. 4-22. 5)	0. 750
0. 510	-0. 26 (-1. 06, 0. 55)	ACCZ3 ( M-S -2)	2. 5 ± 0. 8 (1. 9-3. 0)	2. 5 ± 0. 9 (2. 0-3. 0)	0. 847
-0. 5, 0. 5	-0. 8, 1. 0	-0. 67 (-1. 46, 0. 18)	DECZ1 ( M-S -2)	62. 4 ± 10. 5 (55. 7-69. 1)	62. 2 ± 11. 0 (55. 2-69. 2)
-2. 7, 3. 0	-0. 01 (-0. 81, 0. 79)	DECZ2 ( M-S -2)	13. 0 ± 2. 6 (11. 3-14. 6)	12. 4 ± 4. 7 (9. 4-15. 4)	0. 604
94. 8 ± 1. 9	0. 05 (-0. 75, 0. 85)	DECZ3 ( M-S -2)	4. 7 ± 1. 5 (3. 7-5. 7)	4. 5 ± 1. 6 (3. 5-5. 6)
HSRD: Hig h-speed mileage (18-23km/ h-1); Total sprint distance (& gt; 23km/ h-1); min: minutes; M: meters.	-1. 1, 1. 4	-1. 35 (-2. 19, -0. 43)	Second half	Official game (CI, 95%)	Friendly Match (CI, 95%)
CI (95%)	CI (95%)	The magnitude of the effect	Duration time (minute)	43. 4 ± 6. 2 (39. 4-47. 3)	38. 6 ± 4. 2 (35. 9-41. 3)
-4. 7, 8. 9	1. 1, 8. 4	0. 91 (0. 04, 1. 71)	Metabolism ( W-K G-1),	9. 3 ± 1. 1 (8. 5-10. 0)	38. 6 ± 4. 2 (35. 9-41. 3)
-2. 0, -0. 1	-0. 9, 0. 1	ACCZ1 ( M-S -2)	58. 9 ± 7. 6 (54. 1-63. 7)	57. 8 ± 12. 0 (50. 1-53. 0)	0. 771
0. 616	0. 01 (-0. 79, 0. 81)	ACCZ2 ( M-S -2)	16. 6 ± 3. 1 (14. 7-18. 6)	17. 2 ± 3. 8 (14. 8-19. 6)	0. 625
0. 510	-1. 27 (-2. 10, -0. 35)	ACCZ3 ( M-S -2)	2. 0 ± 0. 5 (1. 7-2. 3)	1. 8 ± 0. 6 (1. 4-2. 2)	0. 272

-0. 2, 0. 6<2 m·s −2 ); AccZ2, accelerations in zone 2 (2 to 4 m·s −2 ); AccZ3, accelerations in zone 3 (>-1. 27 (-2. 10, -0. 35)

DECZ1 ( M-S -2) DECZ1 ( M-S -2)

27. 9 ± 5. 2 (24. 6-31. 3)	0. 168	-1. 0, 5. 2	33. 37 ± 23. 95
DECZ2 ( M-S -2)	11. 0 ± 1. 5 (10. 0-11. 9)	9. 5 ± 2. 3 (8. 0-11. 0)	0. 070
94. 8 ± 1. 9	-0. 52 (-1. 31, 0. 32)	DECZ3 ( M-S -2)	4. 1 ± 0. 8 (3. 6-4. 7)
HSRD: Hig h-speed mileage (18-23km/ h-1); Total sprint distance (& gt; 23km/ h-1); min: minutes; M: meters.	0. 982	-0. 6, 0. 6	-0. 83 (-1. 63, 0. 03)
CI (95%)	13. 0 ± 2. 6 (11. 3-14. 6)	Table 3. Comparison between the first half and the second half of the official game and the friendly match.	Table 3. Comparison between the official game and the first half of the friendly match.
-4. 7, 8. 9	P (first hal f-t o-half)	DECZ3 ( M-S -2)	The magnitude of the effect
-2. 0, -0. 1	0. 034 *	0. 3, 7. 1	-1. 38 (-2. 22, -0. 45)
0. 616	0. 027 *	0. 1, 0. 8	0. 42 (-0. 41, 1. 21)
0. 510	0. 002 *	5. 4, 19. 0	1. 24 (0. 33, 2. 07)
ACCZ2 ( M-S -2)	0. 016 *	0. 7, 5. 7	62. 2 ± 11. 0 (55. 2-69. 2)
ACCZ3 ( M-S -2)		0. 021 *	0. 1, 0. 8
94. 8 ± 1. 9	DECZ1 ( M-S -2)	0. 022 *
HSRD: Hig h-speed mileage (18-23km/ h-1); Total sprint distance (& gt; 23km/ h-1); min: minutes; M: meters.	0. 78 (-0. 08, 1. 58)	DECZ2 ( M-S -2)	0. 015 *
CI (95%)	0. 94 (0. 07, 1. 75)	DECZ3 ( M-S -2)
-4. 7, 8. 9	-0. 4, 1. 5	0. 50 (-0. 33, 1. 29)	Friendly match
-2. 0, -0. 1	0. 78 (-0. 08, 1. 58)	The magnitude of the effect
0. 616	-0. 4, 1. 5	2. 44 (1. 31, 3. 39)	Metabolism power ( W-k g-1),
0. 510	-0. 3, 0. 7	ACCZ1 ( M-S -2)

0. 001 *<2 m·s −2 ); AccZ2, accelerations in zone 2 (2 to 4 m·s −2 ); AccZ3, accelerations in zone 3 (>-1. 27 (-2. 10, -0. 35)

1. 13 (0. 23, 1. 95)

ACCZ2 ( M-S -2)

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0. 127

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ACCZ3 ( M-S -2)

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0. 1, 1. 3

0. 92 (0. 05, 1. 72)

DECZ1 ( M-S -2)

Building Bridges Instead of Putting Up Walls: Connecting the “Teams” to Improve Soccer Players’ Support

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Assembling a Medical Team: The Medical Needs of a Handball Team

3. 5, 9. 2

In which rounds were the most rotations of key players made, and how did this affect physical activity? Analysis of the eight best teams of the 2018 FIFA world cup Russia

DECZ2 ( M-S -2)

Teamwork in Football/Bringing Science to the Pitch

0. 023 *

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0. 78 (-0. 07, 1. 59)

DECZ3 ( M-S -2)

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4 m ・ S-2); decz1: deceleration of zone 1 (& gt; -2 m / s-2); decz2: deceleration of zone 2 (- 2-4 m / s-2); decz3: Zone 3 Deceleration (

1 Introduction

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© 2021 著者によるライセンシー MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 本記事は、クリエイティブ・コモンズ表示（CC BY）ライセンス（https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/）の条件に基づいて配布されるオープンアクセス It is an article.~MDPI and ACS style~Comparison of official games and friendly games by acceleration, deceleration, metabolic power measurement: Ful l-season research in professional soccer players. Int. J. ENVIRON. RES. Public Health 2021, 18, 5980. https://doi. org/10. 3390/ijerph18115980~AMA style~Nobari H, Khalili Sm, Oliveira R, Castillo-Rodríguez a, Pérez-Gómez J, Ardigò LP. Acceleration, deceleration, metabolic power measurement comparison of official games and friendly matches: Full season research in professional soccer players. International Journal of ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH. 2021; 18 (11): https://doi. org/10. 3390/ijerph18115980

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Nobari, Hadi, Sara Mahmoudzadeh, Rafael Oliveira, Alfonso Castillo-Rodríguez, Jorge Pérez-Gómez, and Luca Paolo Ardigò. , Comparison of official games and friendly games by metabolic power measurement: a full-season study In Professional Soccer Players "International Off EnvironMental Research and Public Health 18, No. 18115980.

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The growth of soccer economic value has occurred in parallel with the increase in competitive demand. As a result, clubs and federation have evolved into more specialized ones (for example, stat e-o f-th e-art facilities and highly wel l-known professional staff) to support players' performance and health. At present, the preparation of players is far from the club and representative team, and the lack of control in each player is more widespread than expected. For example, professional players' elite groups face the clu b-centered planning during the season by participating in the national team. Furthermore, as the elite player's financial strength increases, it is common to hire specialized personal staff (for example, Strengths & Conditioning, Sports Psychologists) for preparation, and as a result, complicated thre e-way relationships (as a result. In other words, clubs, players staff, representative teams) occur. Efforts have been made to improve and communicate from clubs to national team directors, but this new reality (club and player staff) has a serious complex with monitoring and unified messages for load, training adaptation. It may create problems related to the role and difficulties. Therefore, it is necessary for all stakeholders to manage the performance environment in the player's performance in more detail and consider the existence and impact of these individual staff, so that all stakeholders do not become zero for a long time. If you leave it without checking

Paper Open Access February 15, 2024

2 The Within-Club Multidisciplinary Team

Medical ethics

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The increase in the economic value of Formal Para's soccer has occurred in parallel with the increase in competing demand. As a result, clubs and federation have evolved into more specialized ones (for example, stat e-o f-th e-art facilities and highly wel l-known professional staff) to support players' performance and health. At present, the preparation of players is far from the club and representative team, and the lack of control in each player is more widespread than expected. For example, professional players' elite groups face the clu b-centered planning during the season by participating in the national team. Furthermore, as the elite player's financial strength increases, it is common to hire specialized personal staff (for example, Strengths & Conditioning, Sports Psychologists) for preparation, and as a result, complicated thre e-way relationships (as a result. In other words, clubs, players staff, representative teams) occur. Efforts have been made to improve and communicate from clubs to national team directors, but this new reality (club and player staff) has a serious complex with monitoring and unified messages for load, training adaptation. It may create problems related to the role and difficulties. Therefore, it is necessary for all stakeholders to manage the performance environment in the player's performance in more detail and consider the existence and impact of these individual staff, so that all stakeholders do not become zero for a long time. If you leave it without checking

3 Club and National Team

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Medical ethics

4 National Teams and Players’ Staff

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The increase in economic value of formal para point soccer has occurred in parallel with the increase in competing demand. As a result, clubs and federation have evolved into more specialized ones (for example, stat e-o f-th e-art facilities and highly wel l-known professional staff) to support players' performance and health. At present, the preparation of players is far from the club and representative team, and the lack of control in each player is more widespread than expected. For example, professional players' elite groups face the clu b-centered planning during the season by participating in the national team. Furthermore, as the elite player's financial strength increases, it is common to hire specialized personal staff (for example, Strengths & Conditioning, Sports Psychologists) for preparation, and as a result, complicated thre e-way relationships (as a result. In other words, clubs, players staff, representative teams) occur. Efforts have been made to improve and communicate from clubs to national team directors, but this new reality (club and player staff) has a serious complex with monitoring and unified messages for load, training adaptation. It may create problems related to the role and difficulties. Therefore, it is necessary for all stakeholders to manage the performance environment in the player's performance in more detail and consider the existence and impact of these individual staff, so that all stakeholders do not become zero for a long time. If you leave it without checking

5 Club and Players’ Staff

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5.1 What Drives the Player?

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5.2 Why Build Bridges?

The performance and health of the players are traditionally managed by the mult i-occupational team of the club, and in some cases, the staff of the national team has been discussed, but the scenario is changing rapidly.

Players may also hire specialized personal staff (Strangs & Conditioning Coach, Physical Therapist, Nutritionist, etc.) for preparation. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the efforts of clubs, national teams, and players' staff.

If an appropriate communication channel has not been established, it may hinder training monitoring and prescriptions, and it may increase the risks related to problems related to the current elite sports, / or healt h-related issues. there is.

Soccer has evolved considerably in the past few decades in its multifaceted form (venue design, competition rules, competition format, etc.). [1] Industrial (eg, fans, athlete performance technical support), clear hierarchy (eg, the International Football Federation (FIFA), European Football Federation (UEFA), Domestic Association), organizational level (international, domestic, club level) The rapid growth observed in was promoted by games, sponsors, and broadcasting income. [2] This growth has been reflected in the annual salary of player in the past 30 years [3, 4, 5, 6], market value, and an unprecedented increase. For example, soccer transfer money reached a record high of $ 7. 4 billion in 2019, nearly three times as in 2012. [2] In recent (January 2023), the transfer volume was 14. 4 % or more and the total transfer was 49. 9 % or more compared to January 2022 in January 2022. The phenomenon extended to women's soccer, from January 2022 to January 2023, the transfer fee was a record high, and the total transfer was more than 30. 2 %. [8] To "boost" this evolution, the government agency of soccer is a specific competition (for example, the third law, the number of replacements, the 12th-back pass rule) [9] and the sports schedule [10, 11] We introduced adjustments at various levels, such as changes. players' performance and health are traditionally managed by the club's multiple occupational teams, and in some cases, the staff of the national team has been discussed, but the scenario is changing rapidly.

5.3 Best Practices Around Player Performance Management: Load, Training, and Monitoring

Soccer has evolved considerably in the past few decades in its multifaceted form (venue design, competition rules, competition format, etc.). [1] Industrial (eg, fans, athlete performance technical support), clear hierarchy (eg, the International Football Federation (FIFA), European Football Federation (UEFA), Domestic Association), organizational level (international, domestic, club level) The rapid growth observed in was promoted by games, sponsors, and broadcasting income. [2] This growth has been reflected in the annual salary of player in the past 30 years [3, 4, 5, 6], market value, and an unprecedented increase. For example, soccer transfer money reached a record high of $ 7. 4 billion in 2019, nearly three times as in 2012. [2] In recent (January 2023), the transfer volume was 14. 4 % or more and the total transfer was 49. 9 % or more compared to January 2022 in January 2022. The phenomenon extended to women's soccer, from January 2022 to January 2023, the transfer fee was a record high, and the total transfer was more than 30. 2 %. [8] To "boost" this evolution, the government agency of soccer is a specific competition (for example, the third law, the number of replacements, the 12th-back pass rule) [9] and the sports schedule [10, 11] We introduced adjustments at various levels, such as changes. The performance and health of the players are traditionally managed by the mult i-occupational team of the club, and in some cases, the staff of the national team has been discussed, but the scenario is changing rapidly.

5.4 Best Practices Around Player Health Management: Testing, Return to Sports, Sleep, and Nutrition Advice

The increase in soccer economic value has occurred in parallel with the increase in competitive demands, such as the number of domestic and international competitions [10, 11] and more fierce game activities (12, 13, 14]. Athletes may experience overcrowding for about 10 consecutive weeks, including domestic and international games. [10, 11]. Professional clubs have been congested for more than 20 weeks a season. [10, 11]. Furthermore, the distance and movement of hig h-strength running increased as follows.

30 %

50 %, sprint distance and number of sprints

6 Conclusion

35 %

References

85 % [12, 13, 14]. Such changes have a burden of increasing the psychological and physiological stress on players [15, 16, 17]. As a result, the club and the federation have evolved into higher levels of expertise to support the performance and health of the players (Figure 1). This evolution is not limited to the top team environment. With a wide range of professionalization in the club, the Academy and the Youth Team (for example, the elite player performance plan by the Premier League) [18] [18] are more structured (eg, technical support, background staff , The quality of sports facilities, etc. (19]
Figure 1 The increase in economic value of soccer is parallel as the number of competitual demands, such as the number of domestic and international competitions [10, 11] and more intense game activities [12, 13, 14]. It happened. Athletes may experience overcrowding for about 10 consecutive weeks, including domestic and international games. [10, 11]. Professional clubs have been congested for more than 20 weeks a season. [10, 11]. Furthermore, the distance and movement of hig h-strength running increased as follows.
30 %
50 %, sprint distance and number of sprints
35 %
85 % [12, 13, 14]. Such changes have a burden of increasing the psychological and physiological stress on players [15, 16, 17]. As a result, the club and the federation have evolved into higher levels of expertise to support the performance and health of the players (Figure 1). This evolution is not limited to the top team environment. With a wide range of professionalization in the club, the Academy and the Youth Team (for example, the elite player performance plan by the Premier League) [18] [18] are more structured (eg, technical support, background staff , The quality of sports facilities, etc. (19]
Figure 1 The increase in the economic value of soccer has occurred in parallel with the increase in competitive demands, such as the number of domestic and international competitions [10, 11] and more fierce game activities [12, 13, 14]. 。 Athletes may experience overcrowding for about 10 consecutive weeks, including domestic and international games. [10, 11]. Professional clubs have been congested for more than 20 weeks a season. [10, 11]. Furthermore, the distance and movement of hig h-strength running increased as follows.
30 %
50 %, sprint distance and number of sprints
35 %
85 % [12, 13, 14]. Such changes have a burden of increasing the psychological and physiological stress on players [15, 16, 17]. As a result, the club and the federation have evolved into higher levels of expertise to support the performance and health of the players (Figure 1). This evolution is not limited to the top team environment. With a wide range of professionalization in the club, the Academy and the Youth Team (for example, the elite player performance plan by the Premier League) [18] [18] are more structured (eg, technical support, background staff , The quality of sports facilities, etc.).
Figure 1
An example of the interaction between the mult i-occupational teams, representative teams, and players of the club during the season (eg, during the instructions). In addition, an example of the mult i-type team of the club (I referred to [1] to reflect the communication line and tissue issues; , Important to secure an excellent top toe bottom management, (II) The upper right corner reflects the dynamics inside a mult i-occupational team). TEC/TAC is a technical tactical, PHYSIO is physiotherapy, S and C is a Strength & Conditioning, MDT is a mult i-occupational team, R And D is R & D, and the color bar is involved in a specific topic. This example intends to indicate the commonalities of specific performance and health topics and the ratio of spent time. In other words, seasonal periods (of f-season, pr e-season, normal or crowded competition periods during the season), players who have been selected as the Japan National Team, unifying players, and the individual staff of each player. , It may change depending on the qualities.
However, at present, the preparation of the players is hard to say that it is a club center, and the lack of cooperation in each player may be widespread more than expected. For example, during the season, the representative team elite plays under the umbrella of two different organizations (a mult i-occupational team in a club in collaboration with the staff of the national team). However, this scenario changes quickly (such as the change of the director or the transfer of a player) [20, 21]. As the elite players' financial strength increases, it is common for players to hire specialized personal staff (Strangs & Conditioning Coach, Fisio, Sports Psychologists, etc.). This new reality has a complex double, triple relationship (that is, a club, a player staff, and if applicable). [22, 23]. As a result, there are two specific areas of player support (physiological, psychological, etc.) (clubs, national teams, clubs and players) or three (representative teams, clubs, players staff, Fig. 1). You will be faced by a different partner. A common example of interaction between clubs, representative teams, and players in the club's mult i-occupational team during the season (eg, in the in s-season period). In addition, an example of the mult i-type team of the club (I referred to [1] to reflect the communication line and tissue issues; , Important to secure an excellent top toe bottom management, (II) The upper right corner reflects the dynamics inside a mult i-occupational team). TEC/TAC is a technical tactical, PHYSIO is physiotherapy, S and C is a Strength & Conditioning, MDT is a mult i-occupational team, R And D is R & D, and the color bar is involved in a specific topic. This example intends to indicate the commonalities of specific performance and health topics and the ratio of spent time. In other words, seasonal periods (of f-season, pr e-season, normal or crowded competition periods during the season), players who have been selected as the Japan National Team, unifying players, and the individual staff of each player. , It may change depending on the qualities.
However, at present, the preparation of the players is hard to say that it is a club center, and the lack of cooperation in each player may be widespread more than expected. For example, during the season, the representative team elite plays under the umbrella of two different organizations (a mult i-occupational team in a club in collaboration with the staff of the national team). However, this scenario changes quickly (such as the change of the director or the transfer of a player) [20, 21]. As the elite players' financial strength increases, it is common for players to hire specialized personal staff (Strangs & Conditioning Coach, Fisio, Sports Psychologists, etc.). This new reality has a complex double, triple relationship (that is, a club, a player staff, and if applicable). [22, 23]. As a result, there are two specific areas of player support (physiological, psychological, etc.) (clubs, national teams, clubs and players) or three (representative teams, clubs, players staff, Fig. 1). You will be faced by a different partner. An example of the interaction between the mult i-occupational teams, representative teams, and players of the club during the season (eg, during the instructions). In addition, an example of the mult i-type team of the club (I referred to [1] to reflect the communication line and tissue issues; , Important to secure an excellent top toe bottom management, (II) The upper right corner reflects the dynamics inside a mult i-occupational team). TEC/TAC is a technical tactical, PHYSIO is physiotherapy, S and C is a Strength & Conditioning, MDT is a mult i-occupational team, R And D is R & D, and the color bar is involved in a specific topic. This example intends to indicate the commonalities of specific performance and health topics and the ratio of spent time. In other words, seasonal periods (of f-season, pr e-season, normal or crowded competition periods during the season), players who have been selected as the Japan National Team, unifying players, and the individual staff of each player. , It may change depending on the qualities.
However, at present, the preparation of the players is hard to say that it is a club center, and the lack of cooperation in each player may be widespread more than expected. For example, during the season, the representative team elite plays under the umbrella of two different organizations (a mult i-occupational team in a club in collaboration with the staff of the national team). However, this scenario changes quickly (such as the change of the director or the transfer of a player) [20, 21]. As the elite players' financial strength increases, it is common for players to hire specialized personal staff (Strangs & Conditioning Coach, Fisio, Sports Psychologists, etc.). This new reality has a complex double, triple relationship (that is, a club, a player staff, and if applicable). [22, 23]. As a result, there are two specific areas of player support (physiological, psychological, etc.) (clubs, national teams, clubs and players) or three (representative teams, clubs, players staff, Fig. 1). You will be faced by a different partner.
Effective performance and health-related concerns are strongly dependent on the quality of inter-team communication (that is, interdisciplinary team in the club or representative) [24, 25] and team communication (club-representative team-player staff). To do so, this reality has a challenge to the organizations and management of the players preparation. In particular, the need to clarify the process of training and recovery with the player staff is a new challenge, and it is not possible to avoid duplicate (for example, overlapping training and simultaneous progress) or inconsistent intervening. Innocent to prevent the collision of human relationships required is required.
The complexity of the preparation of the players as described above highlights the importance of situation awareness in modern soccer. According to Stanton et al. [26], the situation recognition is "a dynamic and coordinated process that connects agents in tasks" (p. 1288), and people (for example, players, Physios, doctors, sports directors), teams. [27, 28] is defined as recognizing what is happening for organizations and the entire social technology system. Teams with excellent abilities that are involved in the environment and dynamically adapt can have a powerful situation recognition [26]. [26] Distributed SitUATIONAL AWARENESS has a system approach to team status recognition. Distributed status recognition is becoming increasingly important in areas where distributed teams and complicated systems are common in fields [27], which are founded by the entire system, "Agent, Documentation" (Tools and Documents. [27, 28] is maintained through interactions and transactions of consciousness between, etc.). Without the distributed situation, the performance of the system may be reduced and a system failure may occur. Furthermore, as technology advances (for example, artificial intelligence), safety, efficiency, and the possibility of dispersion status recognition to improve overall performance, it is highly likely that it will be more popular with sports. [27]. Effective performance and health-related concerns are the quality of the inter-team communication (that is, the interdisciplinary team in the club or the representative) [24, 25] and the inter-team communication (club-representative team-player staff) In order to rely strongly in, such a reality brings issues in organizations and management of players preparing. In particular, the need to clarify the process of training and recovery with the player staff is a new challenge, and it is not possible to avoid duplicate (for example, overlapping training and simultaneous progress) or inconsistent intervening. Innocent to prevent the collision of human relationships required is required.
The complexity of the preparation of the players as described above highlights the importance of situation awareness in modern soccer. According to Stanton et al. [26], the situation recognition is "a dynamic and coordinated process that connects agents in tasks" (p. 1288), and people (for example, players, Physios, doctors, sports directors), teams. [27, 28] is defined as recognizing what is happening for organizations and the entire social technology system. Teams with excellent abilities that are involved in the environment and dynamically adapt can have a powerful situation recognition [26]. [26] Distributed SitUATIONAL AWARENESS has a system approach to team status recognition. Distributed status recognition is becoming increasingly important in areas where distributed teams and complicated systems are common in fields [27], which are founded by the entire system, "Agent, Documentation" (Tools and Documents. [27, 28] is maintained through interactions and transactions of consciousness between, etc.). Without the distributed situation, the performance of the system may be reduced and a system failure may occur. Furthermore, as technology advances (for example, artificial intelligence), safety, efficiency, and the possibility of dispersion status recognition to improve overall performance, it is highly likely that it will be more popular with sports. [27]. Effective performance and health-related concerns are strongly dependent on the quality of inter-team communication (that is, interdisciplinary team in the club or representative) [24, 25] and team communication (club-representative team-player staff). To do so, this reality has a challenge to the organizations and management of the players preparation. In particular, the need to clarify the process of training and recovery with the player staff is a new challenge, and it is not possible to avoid duplicate (for example, overlapping training and simultaneous progress) or inconsistent intervening. Innocent to prevent the collision of human relationships required is required.
The complexity of the preparation of the players as described above highlights the importance of situation awareness in modern soccer. According to Stanton et al. [26], the situation recognition is "a dynamic and coordinated process that connects agents in tasks" (p. 1288), and people (for example, players, Physios, doctors, sports directors), teams. [27, 28] is defined as recognizing what is happening for organizations and the entire social technology system. Teams with excellent abilities that are involved in the environment and dynamically adapt can have a powerful situation recognition [26]. [26] Distributed SitUATIONAL AWARENESS has a system approach to team status recognition. Distributed status recognition is becoming increasingly important in areas where distributed teams and complex systems are common [27], and is a founding characteristic held by the entire system, "Agent, Documentation". [27, 28] is maintained through interactions and transactions of consciousness between, etc.). If there is no distributed situation recognition, the performance of the system may be reduced and system failure may occur. Furthermore, as technology advances (for example, artificial intelligence), safety, efficiency, and the possibility of dispersion status recognition to improve overall performance, it is highly likely that it will be more popular with sports. [27].
In this opinion, why players, clubs (staff), representative teams, and individual staff, why, how to communicate and clearly communicate with the win-wins. Find out if you can secure a relationship and reduce the apparently missing distributed status recognition. We want to promote the development of an approach and framework based on evidence, or evidenc e-based, or evidence to discuss this manuscript.
At first there were coaches and players. The coach was war m-up, played a central role in the training session, analyzed his opponents, and negotiated with the players. As the soccer evolved, the number of issues increased, and a structure centered on an athlete with stat e-o f-th e-art sports facilities and teaching materials for optimizing performance was created [1]. As a result, technical staff (assistant coaches, "physical trainers", goal keysper coaches, scouters), medical and healt h-related practitioners (physiotherapists, sports physicians, dietitians, etc.) are included in the "family". [1, 21, 29]. In addition, the contribution of sports scientists (physiologists and biomecanics, etc.) has been gradually recognized by directors, coaches and top professionals. At present, in the case of the top professional team, about 16 staff members may stand on the pitch with the players during war m-up [30] (It is the range of the manuscript whether they have an aggressive role or not. Out) [31].
In order to improve performance and reduce the rate of injury, elite clubs have implemented training programs, monitoring strategies, and complementary strategies to help the players recover [16, 20, 32]. Furthermore, considering the specific features of each player (age, profile, training status in field positions, records of injury, lifestyles, etc.), acute and chronic individual reactions to the stimulation of the game become remarkable. Masuminated [33, 34]. Therefore, the training program of the players may be different [16, 35]. For this reason, the skills of specific experts and specialists in a complex team are brought together to overcome complex performance issues [25, 36, 37]. As a result, the interaction between each staff and the specialized duplicate levels are the needs of each player (for example, the players who have different rehabilitation stages, the academy players on the top team training, and the players who have returned from the representative team. (Etc.), etc. may change throughout the season.
This complex dynamic can lead to complex role-related problems. If structural risk factors are not taken into account and effective strategies are not implemented, current professional thinking may clash, professional overlap may exist, ineffective communication may occur, and conflicts may escalate [36, 37]. Communication is crucial in developing situational awareness [38] in teams. In this regard, information exchange is associated with high levels of situational awareness [39], which in turn is associated with high levels of team performance [40, 41]. On the one hand, the compatibility of “situational awareness” between agents determines the degree of safety and efficiency of performance [28]. In contrast, incompatibility of “situational awareness” between agents threatens performance, safety, and resilience [28]. For example, there is an association between the quality of internal communication between medical and technical staff and reduced injury burden, improved training attendance, and increased chances of playing in matches [24]. Naturally, the first priority of communication and organizational challenges concerns the interdisciplinary team, i. e., within the club (= internal communication). Indeed, given the complexity of working in a high-performance environment with several people with different philosophies and egos in the same team, it is necessary to control what can be controlled first [31]. This can be achieved by clearly defined lines of communication, but above all by a good top-to-bottom management that helps to define roles and build trust among staff to enable collaboration and foster constructive criticism and the ability to agree to disagree. [31]. Importantly, today, in most clubs, an effective centralization across the first team and the academy is observed, with the medical and performance departments of the academy strategically aligned and tightly integrated with the respective first team departments [19].
However, there are also communication and organizational challenges, so that the monitoring load and training adaptations depend heavily on the quality of the external communication process.
The club "owns" players during the contract period, but the provisions of FIFA players and transfer are stated: "The club is a registered player if it is convened from the association. It is prohibited to release the players and clubs that are eligible to play based on the nationality of the players. In this way, professional elite groups have a shor t-term (8 to 10 days a year, 4-5 times a year), and the middle term (8 to 10 days, 4-5 times a year), due to the participation in the national team. Frequently faced a cup of instructions [20, 21, 25]. Sometimes a unique training method or monitoring system (technology, data collection process, etc.) may be implemented, or may not be implemented. Every time the national team interrupts, the training and monitoring performed by the club are interrupted. [20]
The coach may be afraid that such players' monitoring and training will adversely affect the performance of the players when returning to the club. In addition, some players require a specific rehabilitation training protocol, even if they participate in the game and join the national team. The activities of the representative teams include many overseas expeditions, so in the dense competitions of clubs, planned training and recovery opportunities are limited. In this way, it is most important that clubs and representative teams communicate, predict the problem well, and solve them properly when problems arise. Otherwise, these factors may greatly increase the psychological and physiological stress of each player. Players may lose their competitiveness (for example, players who do not participate in the game lose their chronic load or, conversely, can not participate in the club's next game even if they arrive near the club tournament. ) [43, 44, 45]. Club "owns" players during the contract period, but states in the provisions of FIFA players and transfer: "The club is registered when it is convened from the association. It is obliged to release the players to the national team that is qualified to play based on the nationality of the player. In this way, professional elite groups have a shor t-term (8 to 10 days a year, 4-5 times a year), and the middle term (8 to 10 days, 4-5 times a year), due to the participation in the national team. Frequently faced a cup of instructions [20, 21, 25]. Sometimes a unique training method or monitoring system (technology, data collection process, etc.) may be implemented, or may not be implemented. Every time the national team interrupts, the training and monitoring performed by the club are interrupted. [20]
The coach may be afraid that such players' monitoring and training will adversely affect the performance of the players when returning to the club. In addition, some players require a specific rehabilitation training protocol, even if they participate in the game and join the national team. The activities of the representative teams include many overseas expeditions, so in the dense competitions of clubs, planned training and recovery opportunities are limited. In this way, it is most important that clubs and representative teams communicate, predict the problem well, and solve them properly when problems arise. Otherwise, these factors may greatly increase the psychological and physiological stress of each player. Players may lose their competitiveness (for example, players who do not participate in the game lose their chronic load or, conversely, can not participate in the club's next game even if they arrive near the club tournament. ) [43, 44, 45]. The club "owns" players during the contract period, but the provisions of FIFA players and transfer are stated: "The club is a registered player if it is convened from the association. It is prohibited to release the players and clubs that are eligible to play based on the nationality of the players. In this way, professional elite groups have a shor t-term (8 to 10 days a year, 4-5 times a year), and the middle term (8 to 10 days, 4-5 times a year), due to the participation in the national team. Frequently faced a cup of instructions [20, 21, 25]. Sometimes a unique training method or monitoring system (technology, data collection process, etc.) may be implemented, or may not be implemented. Every time the national team interrupts, the training and monitoring performed by the club are interrupted. [20]
The coach may be afraid that such players' monitoring and training will adversely affect the performance of the players when returning to the club. In addition, some players require a specific rehabilitation training protocol, even if they participate in the game and join the national team. The activities of the representative teams include many overseas expeditions, so in the dense competitions of clubs, planned training and recovery opportunities are limited. In this way, it is most important that clubs and representative teams communicate, predict the problem well, and solve them properly when problems arise. Otherwise, these factors may greatly increase the psychological and physiological stress of each player. Players may lose their competitiveness (for example, players who do not participate in the game lose their chronic load or, conversely, can not participate in the club's next game even if they arrive near the club tournament. ) [43, 44, 45].
Communication is a transaction to deepen recognition within the dispersed team, and it is a tw o-way exchange, which may be affected by the team's mechanics. Clubs and national teams may present different (sometimes conflicts) goals at any time, so it is not a lon g-term zero for all stakeholders (clubs, players, national teams). Is fundamental to promote communication between different academic teams [21]. The relevance of training load (internal and external) and performance in soccer [48, 49, 50, 51, 52] and the relationship between injury [53, 55, 55, 57, 57, 58, 59, 60] have been documented. Because of the fact, communication between two subjects (information exchange, etc.) is thought to be essential for reducing risk risk and developing training programs [47]. Otherwise, personal responsibilities for performance may decrease, resulting in a decrease in productivity [36, 37]. Communication between clubs and representative teams is a communication that could face mult i-occupational teams, given that communication between internal and external (each of the interior and team communication) is needed. Another task about the organization. Experts are characterized by their high reliability in their opinions [31, 37]. If there are different ideas and experiences and there is no established process to enable more softer integration, the required collaboration will be very difficult. Communication is a transaction to deepen recognition within the decentralized team, and it is a tw o-way exchange, which may be affected by the team's dynamics. Clubs and national teams may present different (sometimes conflicts) goals at any time, so it is not a lon g-term zero for all stakeholders (clubs, players, national teams). Is fundamental to promote communication between different academic teams [21]. The relevance of training load (internal and external) and performance in soccer [48, 49, 50, 51, 52] and the relationship between injury [53, 55, 55, 57, 57, 58, 59, 60] have been documented. Because of the fact, communication between two subjects (information exchange, etc.) is thought to be essential for reducing risk risk and developing training programs [47]. Otherwise, personal responsibilities for performance may decrease, resulting in a decrease in productivity [36, 37]. Communication between clubs and representative teams is communication, given that communication between internal and external and external needs (each interior and team communication) may be faced by mult i-occupational teams. Another task about the organization. Experts are characterized by their high reliability in their opinions [31, 37]. If there are different ideas and experiences and there is no established process that enables more softer integration, the required collaboration will be very difficult. Communication is a transaction to deepen recognition within the dispersed team, and it is a tw o-way exchange, which may be affected by the team's mechanics. Clubs and national teams may present different (sometimes conflicts) goals at any time, so it is not a lon g-term zero for all stakeholders (clubs, players, national teams). Is fundamental to promote communication between different academic teams [21]. The relevance of training load (internal and external) and performance in soccer [48, 49, 50, 51, 52] and the relationship between injury [53, 55, 55, 57, 57, 58, 59, 60] have been documented. Because of the fact, communication between two subjects (information exchange, etc.) is thought to be essential for reducing risk risk and developing training programs [47]. Otherwise, personal responsibilities for performance may decrease, resulting in a decrease in productivity [36, 37]. Communication between clubs and representative teams is communication, given that communication between internal and external and external needs (each interior and team communication) may be faced by mult i-occupational teams. Another task about the organization. Experts are characterized by their high reliability in their opinions [31, 37]. If there are different ideas and experiences and there is no established process that enables more softer integration, the required collaboration will be very difficult.
Buchheit and Dupont [21] discussed possible solutions for assessing play readiness, fitness, and monitoring training and match loads in national teams and elite clubs. McCall and colleagues [25] went further when they tried to establish agreement on (i) what medical and physical information to collect, (ii) how to utilize that information, (iii) identify challenges in collection, and (iv) how to collect it in the context of club-to-national team transfers. The authors [25] found two practical solutions to overcome previous challenges: (i) access to standardized information reports and (ii) electronic shared databases. The adoption of these allows transactions in situational awareness between entities, allowing systems to develop and dynamically update distributed situational awareness [46]. Both result in modified situational awareness [46]. However, at least to our knowledge, no publications have explored the practical approach proposed by McCall and colleagues [25]. Data on the player's preparation at the club must be shared between the parties involved (club and player, national team). In the authors' experience, some national teams that participated in the final stages of the 2022 World Cup completely ignored the club's interests and did not share data, but the reverse may also be true [31]. The integration and adaptation of these ideas is included in the following pages.
According to a specific competition calendar (Europe vs. South America), there may be an international period (such as the World Cup or the Confederations Cup) during which the player may have a period between the end of his club obligations (release from the club) and the start of his concentration with the national team. During this period, the player can be under the umbrella of a personal staff. However, the most frequent international window is usually nine days, often during the club's competition period, and in most scenarios two matches are played [42]. The player must report to his club as soon as this period is over.
Typically, intensive training for national teams takes place away from the players’ place of residence (most players play in leagues outside their own country) and operates in close-knit environments (e. g. players train, eat and sleep within the national football centre). The only time outside these training centres is for travel to the country where away games are played. During these short international periods, there is no opportunity to physically interact with the players’ staff, so there is zero exposure (as most personal staff are in the players’ place of residence).
As we will see later (5. 2 Why build bridges), the degree of commonality will vary depending on the respective characteristics and qualities of the club, the national team and the players’ staff. In some cases, it may be optimal to centralise the exchange of information at the club, i. e. when interacting with the national team, the data already includes contact with personal staff (training load, programme design, rehabilitation, etc.). Otherwise, it would be best for the players’ staff to communicate directly with the national team. We acknowledge that this process is not as simple as it may seem, especially when the rules and what is assessed differ depending on the national team/federation. Indeed, some national teams/federations may consider that they only recognize player contracts with the club and have no obligation to account to the player's staff [31]. Regardless of the strategy or process adopted (e. g., the club centralizes information vs. the national team's player staff), one should always aim to reduce the space of unclear and contradictory information (e. g., data from the player's staff to the national team and data from the personal staff to the club are different).
The coordination between the club and the national team may still be difficult, but further problems are potentially present. In fact, the player's staff (the third layer) is a relevant piece of the puzzle.
Modern players have been in contact with professionals with backgrounds such as psychology, physiology, strangs and conditioning, biomechanics, and performance since childhood. As a result of these interactions, we are familiar with more knowledge, have more important performance determination factors (for example, lifestyles, recovery habits, etc.), have more aggressive thinking, and regarding aspects related to their careers. There should be a player who plays a more active role. In this regard, the news in the media [61, 62] reveals the player's performance analysis, training, conditioning, and health. From our experience, as often in the media [63, 64], there is a concern that the preparation of the players is far from the club center, and there is a concern about the potential supervision and communication in each player.
The financial resources of modern elite players are increasing in index functions [4, 7], and individual players have specialized personal staff (strangs & conditions, physiotherapists, dietitians, sports psychologists, etc.). Hiring is becoming more and more common. In such a reality, hiring individual staff will ensure important performance and health, shor t-term (eg, dominant than teammates) and lon g-term (eg, carriers lengthening). It is thought to be related to the belief that competitive advantage can be obtained. Modern players have been in contact with experts with backgrounds such as psychology, physiology, strangs and conditioning, biomecanics, and performance since childhood. As a result of these interactions, we are familiar with more knowledge, have more important performance determination factors (for example, lifestyles, recovery habits, etc.), have more aggressive thinking, and regarding aspects related to their careers. There should be a player who plays a more active role. In this regard, the news in the media [61, 62] reveals the player's performance analysis, training, conditioning, and health. From our experience, as often in the media [63, 64], there is a concern that the preparation of the players is far from the club center, and there is a concern about the potential supervision and communication in each player.
The financial resources of modern elite players are increasing in index functions [4, 7], and individual players have specialized personal staff (strangs & conditions, physiotherapists, dietitians, sports psychologists, etc.). Hiring is becoming more and more common. In such a reality, hiring individual staff will ensure important performance and health, shor t-term (eg, dominant than teammates) and lon g-term (eg, career lengths. It is thought to be related to the belief that competitive advantage can be obtained. Modern players have been in contact with professionals with backgrounds such as psychology, physiology, strangs and conditioning, biomecanics, and performances since childhood [1, 19]. As a result of these interactions, we are familiar with more knowledge, have more important performance determination factors (for example, lifestyles, recovery habits, etc.), have more aggressive thinking, and regarding aspects related to their careers. There should be a player who plays a more active role. In this regard, the news in the media [61, 62] reveals the player's performance analysis, training, conditioning, and health. From our experience, as often in the media [63, 64], there is a concern that the preparation of the players is far from the club center, and there is a concern about the potential supervision and communication in each player.
The financial resources of modern elite players are increasing in index functions [4, 7], and individual players have specialized personal staff (strangs & conditions, physiotherapists, dietitians, sports psychologists, etc.). Hiring is becoming more and more common. In such a reality, hiring individual staff will ensure important performance and health, shor t-term (eg, dominant than teammates) and lon g-term (eg, career lengths. It is thought to be related to the belief that competitive advantage can be obtained.
The recruitment of personal staff is motivated by some factors with various complexity. Considering the players' preferences, the players may want more personal support [22, 23]. The players' opinions and coaches have a strong impact on the effects and success of the players [22, 65]. The development of communication processes between athletes, coaches, and practitioners is a basic one to improve performanc e-related results and healt h-related results (for example, injury prevention, rehabilitation, nutrition, health) [22, 65, 66]. The recruitment of personal staff may be caused by a player deepening the bond with coaches and practitioners when you are absent from the training activities sponsored by the club. Players usually require external services during the of f-season period (for example, to avoid detention or additional rehabilitation) [17]. During this period, players may want to deepen their professional trust in personal staff (perhaps dependent) and expand this relationship throughout the season or over the important period of career.
Considering the inte r-individuals of the reaction to the training [67, 68] and the games [33, 34] and the role of personal preference [22, 23], it is more suitable by placing individual staff. The program may be guaranteed and have excellent experience and results overall (physical, social, psychological, etc.). For example, due to social and economic gaps, some leagues and countries have more human resources (eg, sports psychologists and physiologists), equipment (eg, technology) to carry out individual work. There may be clubs that need). [69] As a result of the aforementioned facts, the players may ask for special support that cannot be used by clubs. Even if the club has the requirements of the club, there is a possibility that the coach's training philosophy and the individual approach to health and the most useful practice may be cut off. [22] Different on some specific themes (for example, general preparation and specific preparation, linear speed and the importance of many directions, the role of resident training, "optimal" war m-up, etc.) If you have a belief, the players may need to add plus alpha work to prepare in the club.
Even if there is a perfect alignment between the needs and preferences of the players and the coaching philosophy and methods, the unstable reality of football may disrupt this process. The dismissal of head coaches and the corresponding support staff is a frequent phenomenon in football [70, 71]. Some clubs may even change their coaching staff multiple times during the same competitive season [70, 71]. Such turnover of managers is likely to result in constant (and arbitrary) changes in preparation models and strategies, which players must regularly readapt, potentially compromising their ability to stabilize their performance. Interestingly, there is a link between coach turnover and an increased incidence of muscle strain injuries [70]. The carousel and turnover phenomenon of coaches may also be one of the reasons that motivates players to hire specialized personal staff to ensure a stable follow-up throughout the season. Hiring personal staff may also be because it is fashionable. Thus, players may spend time outside of their training obligations, especially improving psychological aspects or certain physical characteristics (e. g. speed) or performing special activities (e. g. massages, yoga) that they judge to be relevant to their health and performance, thus affecting their career. This may not only be done during a particular season (e. g. off-season), but more or less daily throughout the season. The driving forces that drive individual staff are multiple and varied, and it may be pointless to debate the pros and cons of it. What is important is that we must recognize that this new reality is upon us and deal with it appropriately.
It may be more profitable for clubs and players to build a bridge (for example, clarify communication channels and establish adjustment processes), rather than creating a wall that hinders the efficiency inside and outside. You can do it. If you do not establish an appropriate communication channel with the player staff, this will act unintentionally in both directions. Furthermore, due to the lack of personal responsibilities on performance and health, the productivity of all stakeholders (players, clubs, and personal staff) due to the lack of distributed status recognition [26, 27, 37]. May decrease. For example, depending on personal experience, goals, roles, tasks, training, skills, schemas, etc., different staff may affect how players experience their own practice [72] [72]. 26]. In situations where professional duplication exists, intervening (for example, inspection procedures, injury prevention programs, training program prescriptions, training load management, etc.) may be displaced by other practitioners [37] 。 Such a scenario may (of course) worrisome and anxious about the athletes. [37]
Communication can "affect the effectiveness of the tissue [36]. By nurturing distributed status recognition, adjustments and communication between dispersed teams can be improved, errors can be prevented, corresponding time can be reduced, and overall pomition can be improved [26, 27, 46, 73, 74]. By sharing the situation awareness, individuals and teams can cooperate more effectively and make decisions based on more information [26, 27, 46, 73, 74]. What happens when something goes wrong (for example, when an injury or r e-injury occurs)? Who is responsible for that? If there are multiple advisors, will the player's injury rate will be affected (there is a relevant to the replacement of coaches and the increase in injury caused by muscle tension [70]). Training students who are active for the players often prioritize their job stability over other consideration, giving priority to this purpose if things do not progress as planned, resulting in this purpose. You may want to abandon your responsibilities. Clubs and players (through appropriate education) must have sufficiently separation and awareness of the benefits and risks of this recruitment.
Based on this idea, BRITO et al. [75] is an intervention of excessive exercise training related (eg, overreach and ove r-use) and clinical (eg, ove r-medicalization and ove r-medicalization) in the current elite sports. Pay attention to the accompanying risks. These risks may increase in proportion to the number of officials involved in athlete support if the appropriate communication channel is not established (Fig. 1). Therefore, it is required to build a c o-work framework.
In this regard, if you leave it alone, (i) training load management, (II) training program optimization, as a result, (i) excessive test, (II) early return to sports, (III) nutrition and nutrition. Sleeping education, habits, and collapse of the meaning of sharing can be affected. Until an agreement is obtained on the situation of the players who are progressing simultaneously under the director of the club and the player staff, the guidelines to improve the transition from elite club to national team [20, 21, 25] are the first. You can support the process: (i) Preparation, training status, fitness (fatigue, wellness, physiological and performance tests, etc.), (II) overall load management (training and competition load, internal and internal and internal and internally. / Or external load, (III), (III), (III) Specific (injury prevention and/ or stresses) program (eg, exercise, frequency, program variables, typical schedule), (IV) Nutrition (supplements, etc.) and sleep health strategies, (V) Other aspects that the players consider to be related (injury epidemiology, screening, treatment information, etc.).
We acknowledge that a different type of bridge is required and there are different drawbacks. In particular, the differences between groups trying to hand over are specific, customized according to the reality of each club and the personal qualities of the players (for example, being invited to a session tour, for example, lunch. It may mean a clear form of the information to be shared, "incorporated into the training session). If you can't access the other party, how can you put a bridge? Ideally, this should be a tw o-way process. The great power is greatly responsible (the importance of player education to understand that the individual staff should be the driving force to put together everything). Based on this idea, Brito et al. [75] include excessive exercise training related (for example, overreach and ove r-use) and clinical (for example, overly diagnosis and ove r-medicalization) in the current elite sports. Pay attention to the risks associated with intervention. These risks may increase in proportion to the number of officials involved in athlete support if the appropriate communication channel is not established (Fig. 1). Therefore, it is required to build a c o-work framework.
In this regard, if you leave it alone, (i) training load management, (II) training program optimization, as a result, (i) excessive test, (II) early return to sports, (III) nutrition and nutrition. Sleeping education, habits, and collapse of the meaning of sharing can be affected. Until an agreement is obtained on the situation of the players who are progressing simultaneously under the director of the club and the player staff, the guidelines to improve the transition from elite club to national team [20, 21, 25] are the first. You can support the process: (i) Preparation, training status, fitness (fatigue, wellness, physiological and performance tests, etc.), (II) overall load management (training and competition load, internal and internal and internal and internally. / Or external load, (III), (III), (III) Specific (injury prevention and/ or stresses) program (eg, exercise, frequency, program variables, typical schedule), (IV) Nutrition (supplements, etc.) and sleep health strategies, (V) Other aspects that the players consider to be related (injury epidemiology, screening, treatment information, etc.).
We acknowledge that a different type of bridge is required and there are different drawbacks. In particular, the differences between groups trying to hand over are specific, customized according to the reality of each club and the personal qualities of the players (for example, being invited to a session tour, for example, lunch. It may mean a clear form of the information to be shared, "incorporated into the training session). If you can't access the other party, how can you put a bridge? Ideally, this should be a tw o-way process. The great power is greatly responsible (the importance of player education to understand that the individual staff should be the driving force to put together everything). Based on this idea, BRITO et al. [75] is an intervention of excessive exercise training related (eg, overreach and ove r-use) and clinical (eg, ove r-medicalization and ove r-medicalization) in the current elite sports. Pay attention to the accompanying risks. These risks may increase in proportion to the number of officials involved in athlete support if the appropriate communication channel is not established (Fig. 1). Therefore, it is required to build a c o-work framework.
In this regard, if you leave it alone, (i) training load management, (II) training program optimization, as a result, (i) excessive test, (II) early return to sports, (III) nutrition and nutrition. Sleeping education, habits, and collapse of the meaning of sharing can be affected. Until an agreement is obtained on the situation of the players who are progressing simultaneously under the director of the club and the player staff, the guidelines to improve the transition from elite club to national team [20, 21, 25] are the first. You can support the process: (i) Preparation, training status, fitness (fatigue, wellness, physiological and performance tests, etc.), (II) overall load management (training and competition load, internal and internal and internal and internally. / Or external load, (III), (III), (III) Specific (injury prevention and/ or stresses) program (eg, exercise, frequency, program variables, typical schedule), (IV) Nutrition (supplements, etc.) and sleep health strategies, (V) Other aspects that the players consider to be related (injury epidemiology, screening, treatment information, etc.).
We acknowledge that a different type of bridge is required and there are different drawbacks. In particular, the differences between groups trying to hand over are specific, customized in conjunction with the reality of each club and the personal qualities of the players (for example, having lunch, being invited to a session tour. It may mean a clear form of the information to be shared, "incorporated into the training session). If you can't access the other party, how can you put a bridge? Ideally, this should be a tw o-way process. The great power is greatly responsible (the importance of player education to understand that the individual staff should be the driving force to organize everything).
The importance of quantifying the training load is in most detailed frameworks in the performance, stress, stress, stress, ove r-us e-related, and injury prevention described in the scientific literature [76, 77, 78]. It is widely considered, and this importance is widely emphasized by multiple coaches and experts in specialized media. Furthermore, in determining the reaction of individual players, the relationship between the basic training principles (eg, overload and progression) is the most important [79, 80, 81]. Nevertheless, this new reality indicates that there is a divergence between what is recommended and advertised in sports medicine and sports science, specialized media, and what the stakeholders have implemented. Maybe. For example, the of f-season training program by the club is a standard routine, but players usually need external services during this season. It is unknown whether the interests of the two match. There are several aspects of the players' independent actions that make it positive to personal preparations [17], but if the stimulus received at this time is not considered when planning a pr e-competition level at the club level, It can also give a negative result [17, 20]. The importance of quantification of training load is the details of the performance, stress, stress, stress, ove r-us e-related, injury prevention, which is described in scientific literature [76, 77, 78]. It is widely considered in the framework, and this importance is widely emphasized in specialized media by multiple coaches and experts. Furthermore, in determining the reaction of individual players, the relationship between the basic training principles (eg, overload and progression) is the most important [79, 80, 81]. Nevertheless, this new reality indicates that there is a divergence between what is recommended and advertised in sports medicine and sports science, specialized media, and what the stakeholders have implemented. Maybe. For example, the of f-season training program by the club is a standard routine, but players usually need external services during this season. It is unknown whether the interests of the two match. There are several aspects of the players' independent actions that make it positive to personal preparations [17], but if the stimulus received at this time is not considered when planning a pr e-competition level at the club level, It can also give a negative result [17, 20]. The importance of quantifying the training load is in most detailed frameworks in the performance, stress, stress, stress, ove r-us e-related, and injury prevention described in the scientific literature [76, 77, 78]. It is widely considered, and this importance is widely emphasized by multiple coaches and experts in specialized media. Furthermore, in determining the reaction of individual players, the relationship between the basic training principles (eg, overloading and progressing) is the most important [79, 80, 81]. Nevertheless, this new reality indicates that there is a divergence between what is recommended and advertised in sports medicine and sports science, specialized media, and what the stakeholders have implemented. Maybe. For example, the of f-season training program by the club is a standard routine, but players usually need external services during this season. It is unknown whether the interests of the two match. There are several aspects of players' independent actions that make it a plus of personal preparation [17], but if the stimulus received at this time is not considered when planning a pr e-competition level at the club level, It can also give a negative result [17, 20].
Another scenario where a lack of communication may have a strong impact on players' training load management is during the competitive microcycle. A player's chronic and acute exposure drives planning at the club level. The latter in particular is one of the most robust individual variables that influence and modify short-term training prescriptions in the club (48 hours after the match) [35, 43, 82, 83, 84]. Therefore, during the days following a match, it is common for non-starter players to receive additional training stimuli to compensate for the low or no match-specific neuromuscular and metabolic stimuli [83]. Meanwhile, starting players receive recovery interventions during the first day [83]. The days following a match are a window in which some players can receive extra stimuli outside the club. This can be considered a "minimal amount of stimulation", although the individual thresholds that effectively determine minimal adaptations and how they interact with other types of stimuli are unknown [85]. However, manipulating the training stimulus within the post-match period should be attuned to the specific needs of each player, as it may be related to the occurrence of non-contact injuries [86].
In this regard, more is not always better, although protective and performance-enhancing effects of exposure to eccentric exercise and high-speed running have been reported in soccer players [75, 87, 88]. For example, a second session performed daily outside the club (e. g., a neuromuscular training session in the morning) may consequently affect the intended adaptive response of the next training session at the club (e. g., in the afternoon). These consequences may result in both sessions targeting the same physiological and performance determinants or vice versa (e. g., simultaneous stimulation with a short interval between the two sessions) [89, 90, 91]. Both situations may be detrimental to the player's preparation if the whole picture (overall training plan) is not taken into account. Two sessions per day may result in different endocrine, sensory and neuromuscular states than performing a single session [92]. Recovery from previous training sessions and “readiness” for a subsequent training session may influence the magnitude of the training response that occurs [93].
Regardless of the moment of the season, if you do not consider the stimulus other than the setting of the club, there is a possibility that the incorrect training load data will be made (by the individual staff who back up the club and each player). Sufficient information decisions will be dangerous [20, 35]. For example, this week, a light session is held in the morning so that players can fully recover from the game (48 hours after the match, the next session is scheduled for Wednesday afternoon, Monday on holidays). 。 Considering this schedule, the players will do hard training outside the club in the afternoon. However, on Wednesday and Thursday afternoon, the hard technical tactical training has been programmed twice in a row, and the players do not know the overall weekly plan (and clubs from players). Nevertheless, the players gave additional sessions on Wednesday morning without knowing the intentions of the coaching staff. Then, this player has been doing the same thing more or less in the last two weeks (adding external sessions in 48 hours and 72 hours after the game), and exposure outside the club has eventually quantified. Let's say not. In such a situation, how can you make a decision based on the information? Interestingly, during the 2022 World Cup, FIFA developed a player app based on the opinions of professional players, so that all players participating in the Catard World Cup can use tracking data. [9 , regardless of the moment of the season, if you do not consider the stimulus other than the club settings, incorrect trainin g-load dat a-led decisions (by individual staff who back up clubs and players). There is a possibility of being blown up, and decisio n-making based on sufficient information is dangerous [20, 35]. For example, this week, a light session is held in the morning so that players can fully recover from the game (48 hours after the match, the next session is scheduled for Wednesday afternoon, Monday on holidays). 。 Considering this schedule, the players will do hard training outside the club in the afternoon. However, on Wednesday and Thursday afternoon, the hard technical tactical training has been programmed twice in a row, and the players do not know the overall weekly plan (and clubs from players). Nevertheless, the players gave additional sessions on Wednesday morning without knowing the intentions of the coaching staff. Then, this player has been doing the same thing more or less in the last two weeks (adding external sessions in 48 hours and 72 hours after the game), and exposure outside the club has eventually quantified. Let's say not. In such a situation, how can you make a decision based on the information? Interestingly, during the 2022 World Cup, FIFA developed a player app based on the opinions of professional players, so that all players participating in the Catard World Cup can use tracking data. [Regardless of the moment of the 9th season, if you do not consider the stimulus other than the club settings, the incorrect trainin g-load dat a-led decision will be made (by individual staff who back up clubs and players). There will be a dangerous decisio n-based decisio n-making. [20, 35]. For example, this week, a light session is held in the morning so that players can recover completely from the game (48 hours after the match, the next session is scheduled for Wednesday afternoon, Monday on holidays). 。 Considering this schedule, the players will do hard training outside the club in the afternoon. However, on Wednesday and Thursday afternoon, the hard technical tactical training has been programmed twice in a row, and the players do not know the overall weekly plan (and clubs from players). Nevertheless, the players gave additional sessions on Wednesday morning without knowing the intentions of the coaching staff. Then, this player has been doing the same thing more or less in the last two weeks (adding external sessions in 48 hours and 72 hours after the game), and exposure outside the club has eventually quantified. Let's say not. In such a situation, how can you make a decision based on the information? Interestingly, during the 2022 World Cup, FIFA developed a player app based on the opinions of professional players, so that all players participating in the Catard World Cup can use tracking data. [9
The club is applied to some test approaches that can be reproduced by representative team environments [21] and player staff (physiologists, Strongs & Conditioning coaches, etc.). The importance of muscle strength in performance and injury prevention (for example, lower limb chain muscle strength) is recognized around the world [15, 16, 88, 91]. At present, some performances and strength profiling tools (for example, force plates, han d-handed dynamometers, linear position transducers) are available at low cost. Such an easy access to technology can be an advantage in reproduction and implementation of new evaluation issues (duplication of practice) that cannot be imagined with additional information that already exists at the club level [97, 98]. 。 In addition, training and clinical characteristics (ove r-diagnosis, etc.) may increase [75]. Furthermore, the inspection data may be incorrectly collected and interpreted, that is, the fact that they are not familiar with the test protocol, the personal fluctuations related to the reliability between the evaluators and the evaluators, and the true score. It must be considered that there is a measurement error that will incorrectly interpret changes.
Judgment of returning to play after injury is one of the most delicate aspects in managing players' performance and health. Coaches and players have sufficient theoretical knowledge about soccer medicine. Loose et al., Buchheit and others, suggested that the overwhelming majority of elit e-level soccer players may be able to judge medical problems themselves. In addition, athletes often need a specialist outside the club, especially, ignoring the recommendations of the club doctor and returning to sports after injury [22, 99]. If there is little communication with the player staff, the players may return to sports faster than the club doctor's proposal. Club has some test approaches that can be reproduced by the representative team environment [21] and the player staff (physiologists, Strongs & Conditioning coaches, etc.). The importance of muscle strength in performance and injury prevention (for example, lower limb chain muscle strength) is recognized around the world [15, 16, 88, 91]. At present, some performances and strength profiling tools (for example, force plates, han d-handed dynamometers, linear position transducers) are available at low cost. Such an easy access to technology can be an advantage in reproduction and implementation of new evaluation issues (duplication of practice) that cannot be imagined with additional information that already exists at the club level [97, 98]. 。 In addition, training and clinical characteristics (ove r-diagnosis, etc.) may increase [75]. Furthermore, the inspection data may be incorrectly collected and interpreted, that is, the fact that they are not familiar with the test protocol, the personal fluctuations related to the reliability between the evaluators and the evaluators, and the true score. It must be considered that there is a measurement error that will incorrectly interpret changes.
Judgment of returning to play after injury is one of the most delicate aspects in managing players' performance and health. Coaches and players have sufficient theoretical knowledge about soccer medicine. Loose et al., Buchheit and others, suggested that the overwhelming majority of elit e-level soccer players may be able to judge medical problems themselves. In addition, athletes often need a specialist outside the club, especially, ignoring the recommendations of the club doctor and returning to sports after injury [22, 99]. If there is little communication with the player staff, the players may return to sports faster than the club doctor's proposal. The club is applied to some test approaches that can be reproduced by representative team environments [21] and player staff (physiologists, Strongs & Conditioning coaches, etc.). The importance of muscle strength in performance and injury prevention (for example, lower limb chain muscle strength) is recognized around the world [15, 16, 88, 91]. At present, some performances and strength profiling tools (for example, force plates, han d-handed dynamometers, linear position transducers) are available at low cost. Such an easy access to technology can be an advantage in reproduction and implementation of new evaluation issues (duplication of practice) that cannot be imagined with additional information that already exists at the club level [97, 98]. 。 In addition, training and clinical characteristics (ove r-diagnosis, etc.) may increase [75]. Furthermore, the inspection data may be incorrectly collected and interpreted, that is, the fact that they are not familiar with the test protocol, the personal fluctuations related to the reliability between the evaluators and the evaluators, and the true score. It must be considered that there is a measurement error that will incorrectly interpret changes.
Judgment of returning to play after injury is one of the most delicate aspects in managing players' performance and health. Coaches and players have sufficient theoretical knowledge about soccer medicine. Loose et al., Buchheit and others, suggested that the overwhelming majority of elit e-level soccer players may be able to judge medical problems themselves. In addition, athletes often need a specialist outside the club, especially, ignoring the recommendations of the club doctor and returning to sports after injury [22, 99]. If there is little communication with the player staff, the players may return to sports faster than the club doctor's proposal.
Regardless of the appropriate scientific backing, the media and digital channels can be observed that the performance (eg, Ergo Genic Aid), the technology of injury prevention and the paradigm are advertised and praised. Although modern players are more aware of various aspects of performance support, they are more vulnerable to "noise" (mainly spread through unqualified social media), which is related to performance optimization. And adult players are more likely to be affected. [100, 101, 102]. In this way, the intentional or carelessness / incorrect information in an environment that depends on the consequences, those who get commercial interests, who are vulnerable information, (for example, inappropriate or inappropriate). [28, 102, 103] may be opened to advertisements by advertising from social media influencers and manufacturers who bring insufficient status recognition transactions. For example, players may be more attractive in that they do not harm, but have not been evaluated for lon g-term effects and lack of evidence. In addition, it is necessary for players to be aware that the delicate change in lifestyle may affect the quality of sleep and the preparation for the next day's training. [105, 106]. Also, a new actor called Wearable Tech may be added to the soccer team (or it may soon be added). In order to get feedback on training, sleep, meals, etc., players are using wearable and tech, and how many (for example, reliable) are effective (for example, reliable). Are you using wearable tech?
Furthermore, the possibility that someone in the player staff is acting outside of their work range (for example, nutrition and sleep advice by nutritionist or no n-sleeping experts) should not be eliminated [. 100]. The important thing is that supplies without nutrients can adversely affect the performance and health of the players. [103, 107] Although it is out of the scope of this manuscript, the evaluation method and the measurement of distributed status recognition [28] can be considered as a necessary organizational practice. Regardless of whether there is an appropriate scientific support, in the media and digital channels, the performance improvement (eg, Ergo Genic Aid), the technique of injury prevention and paradigm are observed and praised. can. Although modern players are more aware of various aspects of performance support, they are more vulnerable to "noise" (mainly spread through unqualified social media), which is related to performance optimization. And adult players are more likely to be affected. [100, 101, 102]. In this way, the intentional or carelessness / incorrect information in an environment that depends on the consequences, those who get commercial interests, who are vulnerable information, (for example, inappropriate or inappropriate). [28, 102, 103] may be opened to advertisements by advertising from social media influencers and manufacturers who bring insufficient status recognition transactions. For example, players may be more attractive in that they do not harm, but have not been evaluated for lon g-term effects and lack of evidence. In addition, it is necessary for players to be aware that the delicate change in lifestyle may affect the quality of sleep and the preparation for the next day's training. [105, 106]. Also, a new actor called Wearable Tech may be added to the soccer team (or it may soon be added). In order to get feedback on training, sleep, meals, etc., players are using wearable and tech, and how many (for example, reliable) are effective (for example, reliable). Are you using wearable tech?
Furthermore, the possibility that someone in the player staff is acting outside of their work range (for example, nutrition and sleep advice by nutritionist or no n-sleeping experts) should not be eliminated [. 100]. The important thing is that supplies without nutrients can adversely affect the performance and health of the players. [103, 107] Although it is out of the scope of this manuscript, the evaluation method and the measurement of distributed status recognition [28] can be considered as a necessary organizational practice. Regardless of the appropriate scientific backing, the media and digital channels can be observed that the performance (eg, Ergo Genic Aid), the technology of injury prevention and the paradigm are advertised and praised. Although modern players are more aware of various aspects of performance support, they are more vulnerable to "noise" (mainly spread through unqualified social media), which is an optimization of performance. And adult players are more likely to be affected. [100, 101, 102]. In this way, the intentional or carelessness / incorrect information in an environment that depends on the consequences, those who get commercial interests, who are vulnerable information, (for example, inappropriate or inappropriate). [28, 102, 103] may be opened to advertisements by advertising from social media influencers and manufacturers who bring insufficient status recognition transactions. For example, players may be more attractive in that they do not harm, but have not been evaluated for lon g-term effects and lack of evidence. In addition, it is necessary for players to be aware that the delicate change in lifestyle may affect the quality of sleep and the preparation for the next day's training. [105, 106]. Also, a new actor called Wearable Tech may be added to the soccer team (or it may soon be added). In order to get feedback on training, sleep, meals, etc., players are using wearable and tech, and how many (for example, reliable) are effective (for example, reliable). Are you using wearable tech?
Furthermore, the possibility that someone in the player staff is acting outside of their work range (for example, nutrition and sleep advice by nutritionist or no n-sleeping experts) should not be eliminated [. 100]. The important thing is that supplies without nutrients can adversely affect the performance and health of the players. [103, 107] Although it is out of the scope of this manuscript, the evaluation method and the measurement of distributed status recognition [28] can be considered as a necessary organizational practice.
We understand that it is impossible to quantify and manage everything that can affect the performance and health of the players, and that this process is not as simple as it seems. However, in order to fully manage the performance and health environment of players, it is necessary to clarify and prove the existence and impact of this personal staff. The positive aspects of having a personal support team can be easily mentioned, but if the appropriate communication channel is established, this may act in two directions. This new reality calls to strengthen communication and data sharing in all elements that support the players' performance. In other words, connecting the team inside the "team", the player's personal support team and the club team. The ultimate goal is to put personal thoughts aside, balance, and manage the playe r-centered process better.
The evolution required for a professional and elite sports environment to fill the gap between research and practice. Front sports life. 2020; 2: 631147. ArticlePubmedGoogle Schoolar
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Acknowledgements

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Last modified: 27.08.2024

Number. Category Name. Animal Sciences. Behavioral & Social Sciences. / Biochemistry; Chemistry. Biomedical & Health Sciences. ijerph. Special Issue Reprint. Workplace Health and Wellbeing during and beyond COVID Edited by. Holly Blake. Page 3. Workplace Health and. Final Papers (sorted by session title). Please note: The manuscripts are stored as PDF files. They can be activated by clicking on the title links. In order to.

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IJERPH Free FullText Comparison of Official and Friendly Matches through Acceleration Deceleration

Comparison of Official and Friendly Matches through Acceleration, Deceleration and Metabolic Power Measures: A Full-Season Study in Professional Soccer Players

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Approach to the Problem

2.2. Participants

2.3. Monitoring External Workload

2.4. Statistical Analysis

3. Results

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

Author Contributions

Funding

Institutional Review Board Statement

Informed Consent Statement

Data Availability Statement

Acknowledgments

Conflicts of Interest

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Building Bridges Instead of Putting Up Walls: Connecting the “Teams” to Improve Soccer Players’ Support

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1 Introduction

2 The Within-Club Multidisciplinary Team

3 Club and National Team

4 National Teams and Players’ Staff

5 Club and Players’ Staff

5.1 What Drives the Player?

5.2 Why Build Bridges?

5.3 Best Practices Around Player Performance Management: Load, Training, and Monitoring

5.4 Best Practices Around Player Health Management: Testing, Return to Sports, Sleep, and Nutrition Advice

6 Conclusion

References

Acknowledgements