Online & Crypto Gambling Regulations in Europe

European countries, even among EU member states, have different approaches to online and crypto gambling. EU member states have autonomy in how they organize online gambling, and most of them allow at least some form of internet gambling.

The following article provides a detailed overview of crypto and online gambling regulations across Europe:

• How the market is regulated
• Tax rates
• Proposed legislation

So without further ado, let's get to the data:

Legal status certified by Eterna Law

Information on the legal status of online and crypto gambling in the following five countries has been reviewed and fact-checked by Artem Kuzmenko, Partner and Head of the Gambling Department at the international law firm Eterna Law.

France

Online Gambling Status Legal (certain forms of gambling)

As things stand, most online casinos are strictly prohibited in France. However, certain online gambling, such as sports betting, horse racing betting, and online poker, is permitted through licensed operators. In addition, licensed land-based casinos operate legally in the country.

In response to the growing black market, the French National Assembly is set to debate a bill that could lead to the legalization of online casinos in the country.

Cryptocurrency France is generally seen as favorable towards crypto assets. Despite the lack of comprehensive regulation, authorities have refrained from taking systematic measures against cryptocurrencies.

Although cryptocurrencies do not hold the status of legal tender, French businesses have the option to accept cryptocurrencies as a means of payment for their services, provided that they comply with the relevant laws and regulations.

Cryptocurrency and gambling The French gambling regulator has issued a public advisory warning against the use of two online gaming platforms that facilitate cryptocurrency transactions.

The regulator's directive emphasizes that payments in cryptocurrencies are prohibited and go against the anti-money laundering principles enshrined in law.

Germany

Current status of online gambling Legal

Germany has just adopted a bill to legalize gambling in 2021. However, the regulatory environment remains one of the strictest in the world.

For example, there are strict regulations that limit bets on slot machines to 1 euro per spin and player deposits to no more than 1, 000 euros per month. In addition, operators face restrictions such as a mandatory 5-second delay between spins.

Crypto: In contrast to some European countries, Germany has taken active steps towards regulating cryptocurrencies. Regulators have classified cryptocurrencies as financial instruments and assets and subject them to securities and investment laws and regulations.

Cryptocurrencies and gambling Germany's online gambling regulations explicitly prohibit the use of anonymous payment solutions for gambling purposes. However, cryptocurrencies are not included in this restriction.

Therefore, there are currently no constraints on the use of cryptocurrencies to fund gambling accounts in online casinos. Nevertheless, cryptocurrency payments in the gambling industry are mainly processed by Curacao-licensed bookmakers and are often made within the framework of a conditional sale of assets or account units.

Italy

Current status of online gambling Legal

Italy has the distinction of being the first EU member state to formally legalize online casinos at the legislative level.

Italy prides itself on having the most modern, transparent and competitive gambling regulatory framework in the entire EU. It is governed by a national monopoly autonomous government.

Within the Italian regulatory landscape, operators, known as "concessionaires", are subject to regulation at three different tiers: national law, regional legislation and municipal provisions.

Crypto The Italian legal system currently lacks a comprehensive definition of cryptocurrencies or crypto assets, which is not expected to be clarified until MiCA is implemented.

Under current regulations, Italian law does not impose any constraints on the acquisition, sale or possession of cryptocurrencies, allowing citizens the freedom to engage in these activities without restrictions.

Cryptocurrencies and gambling The intersection of cryptocurrencies and gambling in Italy exists in a regulatory grey area. Italian gambling law does not make any explicit mention of cryptocurrencies, but it does lay down regulations that are often euro-centric in aspects such as spending limits, maximum winnings and self-limiting measures.

Spain

Current status of online gambling Legal

In Spain, the online gambling category, including activities such as slots and poker, was officially legalized under the Spanish gambling method under the proper local license.

Foreign operators are forbidden to provide gambling services in Spain based on foreign licenses.

Cryptocurrency Spain's legal framework has not currently given cryptocurrencies, financial products, and value. Therefore, companies that handle cryptocurrencies in Spain are not subject to general approval requirements.

There are no special restrictions on how to pay for gambling in cryptocurrency and gambling Spain, but cryptocurrencies are not allowed as valid payment methods.

United Kingdom

Current status of online gambling Legal

In the UK, gambling of all forms is legal and regulated by the British Gambling Committee. The UK is one of the most authoritative and reliable jurisdictions in the gambling industry with a strict and fair approach to regulations and transparency.

Cryptographic UK has enforced a comprehensive law on cryptocurrency, indicating a strong determination to establish its country as a major "cryptographic hub". Despite these ambitious attempts, the framework of regulations on cryptographic assets remain somewhat incomplete because they do not cover all categories and all the related business categories.

Cryptography and gambling regulation authorities are strictly supervised by the tolerated payment mechanisms for British gamblers, and cryptocurrencies are currently excluded from the approved payment method.

Other European Countries

Let's take a look at the legal status of online gambling and encryption gambling in other European countries:

Disclaimer: The final fact check for this article was conducted on April 10, 2024. Please note that the legal frameworks on gambling and digital currency may be changed.

Albania

Online gambling status legal (sports betting only)

Unknown status of cryptographic gambling

In February this year, the Albanian Congress resolved in 2018 to revive online gambling, which was completely banned. However, only sports betting seems to be allowed.

According to the new law, "online sports beds are on the provisions of this law, on the electronic platform of the dedicated and monitored, monitored dedicated websites, applications, or approved organizations. It is a bed to be performed for ... and does not include track racing. "

With regards to crypto gambling, there is no clear law surrounding gambling with cryptocurrencies. However, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are legal to hold and trade in the country.

Andorra

Current status of online gambling Legal

Crypto gambling status Illegal (albeit transitional)

Andorra is a small country with a very strong gambling tradition. In Andorra, both land-based and online gambling are legal and regulated in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 28 of 2012 and Law No. 4 of 2021. All gambling activities in the country are regulated by the Consell Regulador Andorrà del Joc (CRAJ).

Cryptocurrencies are not legal tender in Andorra, but the country has adopted a Digital Assets Law, which allows cryptocurrencies to be accepted at online casinos, provided AML and KYC policies are maintained.

Armenia

Current status of online gambling Legal

Crypto gambling status Illegal (albeit transitional)

According to Decree 1164-N of the GoA on the Laws and Gambling of the Republic of Armenia, online gambling is legal. Despite offering legal online and land-based gambling, Armenia has adopted an anti-gambling policy against betting advertisements.

Regarding cryptocurrencies and digital assets, there is no existing legal framework for crypto in the country. However, the Central Bank of Armenia is considering introducing a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), which could lead to the introduction of cryptocurrencies into the gambling framework.

Austria

Current Status of Online Gambling Legal (State Monopoly)

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Legal

All gambling in Austria is regulated under the Austrian Gambling Act, and state-owned gambling companies Casinos Austria AG and Österreichische Lotterien GmbH have a monopoly on sports betting, casinos and lotteries.

Cryptocurrencies are recognized as a means of exchange, and holdings of cryptocurrencies count as income from capital assets, and are therefore taxed at a 27. 5% rate.

Azerbaijan

Current Status of Online Gambling Illegal (except for lottery and sports betting)

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Azerbaijan has had a total ban on gambling since 1998. In 2011, the country decided to authorize sports betting. The only legal operator in the country is eTopaz. Online casinos remain illegal.

Belarus

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

In 2019, Belarus legalized all forms of online gambling, including online casinos and sports betting. In 2017, by Presidential Decree №8, the country authorized the use and exchange of cryptocurrencies.

However, gambling with cryptocurrencies remains illegal. In fact, it seems that Belarus has decided to ban peer-to-peer (P2P) trading of crypto assets.

Belgium

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Legal

Gambling in Belgium is governed by the Gambling Act, enacted on May 7, 1999. A 2011 amendment to the law authorized online gambling, and in 2019 a clear distinction between online casino gambling and sports betting was introduced. All operators must be licensed and regulated by the Gaming Commission (GC).

There is no specific legal regulation of gambling with cryptocurrencies in Belgium. Cryptocurrency exchanges are permitted by the Virtual Currency Royal Decree of 2022. In addition, the Belgian Financial Services and Markets Authority requires all cryptocurrency companies to add a disclaimer to their advertisements.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Legal

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, gambling is regulated in both entities: Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since 2022, Republika Srpska has changed its laws to include virtual currencies, while the Federation is still working through the legislation surrounding cryptocurrencies.

However, neither country recognizes virtual currencies as a currency that can be used for gambling.

Bulgaria

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Legal

Bulgaria first legalized gambling in 1993, and in 2012 the Bulgarian parliament adopted a new gambling law legalizing online gambling. All operators must obtain a license from the National Revenue Agency (NRA), which took over the powers of the former National Commission for Gambling, which was abolished in 2020.

In Bulgaria, there is no specific legislation regarding the use of virtual currencies, i. e. cryptocurrencies, for gambling.

Croatia

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Croatia has strong gambling legislation, with online and land-based sportsbooks and casinos approved for betting. Foreign operators who obtain a license from the Ministry of Finance can also enter the market.

Croatia has no special laws on cryptocurrency, and regulatory target operators do not support such payments. However, in Croatian Income Tax Law, cryptocurrency is treated as a form of investment and is subject to capital gain.

Cyprus

Online gambling status illegal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Based on the 2012 Gambling Law, Cyprus legalized online and offline sports gambling and established the National Betting Authority, which supervises domestic sports gambling. In 2015, the legislative government approved the Cyprus Casino Management Law and the accompanying regulations, which mentioned the approval of a single business operator building an integrated casino resort and a small satellite casino. Online casinos are still illegal.

Currently, the main laws that are working on cryptocurrency issues in Cyprus are laws related to the prevention and control of money laundering and terrorism. According to the provisions of this law, everyone who owned the encryption assets must be registered as the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Committee, which is in direct opposition to the very highly anonymous nature of cryptocurrencies.

Czech Republic

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Legal

In the Czech Republic (Czech Republic), gambling is regulated by the Code of Gambling, also known as the Czech gambling method, 186/2016 Coll. Land bass and online gambling are legal. The tax imposed on gambling operators is set to 23%for all games, except for technical games defined, and 35%of taxes are imposed.

Gambling prizes are charged 15 % of income tax. In accordance with the Ministry of Finance's guidelines, illegal operators must be prohibited. The Czech Republic has introduced an advanced cryptocurrency law, and most of them are targeting cryptocurrency service providers (Vasp), individuals and companies that promote virtual currency replacement.

Czech National Bank (CNB) is a director and regulatory organization that implements VASP's money laundering (AML) and customer information (KYC) regulations.

Denmark

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Denmark is one of the most developed gambling markets in Europe. Denmark's gambling method defines online casinos, lan d-based casinos, sports betting, lottery, and other forms of gambling in Japan.

According to statistics published by the Danish regulator Spillemyndigheden, Danes have gambled more than DKK 65. 6 billion since the industry was regulated in 2012.

Cryptocurrencies are subject to the "Act on Alternative Investment Funds, Prospectuses and Money Laundering", and therefore transactions in cryptocurrencies are subject to income tax. As of yet, no licensed operators offer cryptocurrencies as a form of payment.

Estonia

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Legal

Through its gambling act, Estonia regulates online and offline games of chance, Toto, i. e. sports betting, lotteries, games of skill and commercial lotteries.

All operators must obtain a license from the Estonian Tax and Customs Administration before starting their services. Estonia was the first country to start issuing crypto licenses, and despite the fact that gambling with crypto is legal, no licensed operators offer cryptocurrency as a form of payment.

However, lawmakers have amended Estonia's AML law, leading to higher license fees and stricter capital and information reporting requirements, ultimately forcing virtual asset service providers to comply or voluntarily exit the market.

Finland

Current status of online gambling Legal (currently a state-run gambling monopoly)

Status of crypto gambling Unclear

In Finland, gambling services are regulated by the Lottery Act and are only offered by the state-owned company Veikkaus Oy, and have been so for the past 70 years. However, there are plans to abolish this gambling monopoly by 2026.

In Finland, cryptocurrencies are subject to income tax and are obtained through mining or currency exchanges. However, it is unclear whether gambling with crypto is legal.

Georgia

Current status of online gambling Legal (highly regulated)

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Georgia boasts a large gambling market worth over 32 billion lari ($10 billion). Gambling is regulated by the national Revenue Agency and in accordance with Georgian tax law. Online and land-based casinos, sportsbooks, bingo and lotteries have been provisionally approved.

Recently, the Ministry of Finance has announced that the Gambling Act has been enhanced, and those under the age of 25 are on the person who are on the blacklist of the court, public servants, and the court of the court, and those who are in the sel f-exclusion program (approximately 1. 5 million) It is prohibited from participating in all gambling activities.

Cryptocurrency is not a legal currency in Georgia, but is regarded as a digital asset that can only be used through approved virtual asset service providers ("Vasp").

Greece

Current status of online gambling Legal

Status of crypto gambling Unclear

According to the rules No. 8/6/25. 05. 2012, Hellenic Gaming Commission is obliged to issue a license for casinos and sports betting operators. In 2020, a new license system for online operators was launched, and two license agreements were signed, online sports betting site and all other types of Igaming.

According to HGC data, the 2020 gambling market size was 540 million euros. The law has no clause mentioned in the cryptocurrency gambling, and the licensed operator does not provide cryptocurrencies as a payment method.

Hungary

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

In January 2023, Hungary revised the 1991 Act XXIV for gambling business, known as a gambling law, and abolished domestic national gambling monopoly in Japan.

According to the previous laws, which was determined to violate the European Union Convention and Functions (TFEU) by the European Union Court (CJEU), only the stat e-owned Szerencsejáték ZRT provides retail and online sports gambling in Japan. I was able to do it. Currently, a new license system has been introduced, and the market has been opened to the E U-based businesses.

Nevertheless, online casinos are still under the management of lan d-based casinos. Since these operators are regulated as encrypted assets instead of legal currency, it is not allowed to provide cipher payments. In Hungary, 15 % of the cryptocurrency exchanges are charged.

Iceland

Online gambling status illegal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

In Iceland, gambling in all forms, excluding the lottery and sports pool once every three months approved by the government, is illegal and prohibited. However, there is no case where the government has prosecuted individuals due to bets on offshore sites.

Ireland

Current status of online gambling Legal

Unknown status of cryptographic gambling

The Ireland Republic in 2022, with the intention of providing a new and modern approach to domestic gambling regulations and a new license system, a major review of the current 1956 gambling and lottery law and the 1931 gambling law. It started.

In the near future, a new gambling regulation bureau (Gambling Regulatory Authority of Ireland, which has the authority to issue and regulate online casinos, sports betting, lottery, and lan d-based casinos, will open.

The regulation does not show any views on the rules regarding cryptocurrency payment. The Ireland Central Bank has been designated as a national jurisdiction (NCA) that approves and supervises encrypted assets in accordance with the EU's Citamic Asset Market Regulation (Micar).

Kazakhstan

Online gambling status legal (inlan d-based gambling only in designated areas)

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Legal

In 2007, the Kazakhstan government has approved two gambling zones on the Stinsky District (Akemora region) and the Capuchagai coast (Almaty region), and can operate land casinos and retail sportsbooks. In Kazakhstan, any kind of online gambling is also prohibited.

In the new law on Kazakhstan's digital assets, cryptocurrencies are considered digital assets, and users can only exchange exchanges through a licensed AIFC (AIFC) exchange.

Kosovo*

Online gambling status illegal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Kosovo*banned gambling in all forms for 10 years after two casino employees died in 2019. One of the poorest European countries was issued in 2022 to ban cryptocurrency mining to save power. Before the ban, mining was often done because the electricity bill was relatively low.

Latvia

Current status of online gambling Legal

Status of crypto gambling Unclear

In 2005, the Latvian government issued a new gambling and a lottery law and legalized online and offline casinos and sports betting. The Latvian Interactive Gambling Association plays a role in presenting the opinions and guidelines of the industry to legislators to form a safe and fair gambling industry.

In Latvia, no licensed businesses that accept cryptocurrency payments, and there is no specific law on cryptocurrency until MICA's new regulatory framework.

Liechtenstein

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Legal

Liechtenstein is said to be Las Vegas in the Alps, with six lan d-based casinos in Japan. The online gambling is legalized by the 2010 gambling method (GeldSpielgesetz), but the license system is still on hold. The latest attempts to hinder the industry and to completely ban casinos were opposed by voters in 2023.

The Liechtenstein Blockchain Law is a comprehensive cryptocurrency method of the country, and when online gambling begins, gambling will be widely used in cryptocurrencies.

Lithuania

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

With the revision of Semus, a Gambling legislative office in Lithuania, online gambling has achieved a large milestone. Currently, there is no need to partner with retail gambling providers because there are currently online operators.

The Lithuanian Gambling Law covers all forms of gambling in the country and is regulated by the Ministry of Finance's Gambling Management Bureau. Gaming Control Authority blocks the access of players on offshore gambling sites that provide payment by cryptocurrency, so the cryptocurrency gambling is unreasonable to Lithuanians.

Luxembourg

Online gambling status legal (only via Loterie Nationale)

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Luxembourg's gambling is regulated by the Gambling method enacted in 1977, and all forms of gambles are prohibited. However, based on the Grand Duke's Order enacted in 1977, a legal framework for athletics casinos has been adopted, and the only casino facility in Luxembourg is 2000 casinos.

In 2009, the National Foundation and the National Lottery Law provided exclusive rights to provide lottery and sports betting on both retail and online to the national lottery.

Crypto gambling is still illegal. There is no special law that handles cryptocurrencies, except for the bill 7363, which requires the securities issued on the blockchain as normal securities.

Republic of Malta

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Legal

Malta has approved gambling in all forms and is one of the main bases of online gambling in Europe. Malta's gambling law defines all gambling rules and regulations. The Malta Gambling Agency is in charge of licensing the local and offshore operators headquartered on the island.

In fact, Malta has permitted gambling using cryptocurrency in accordance with the country's sandbox framework, and is a leader in the field of cryptocurrency gambling.

Moldova

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

The gambling field of Moldova is regulated based on the Act 291/2016. However, in 2018, the country concluded that Moldova's Public Property Agency should stop monopolizing domestic lotteries and gambling, and instead, to establish a public and private partnership with the E U-based company.

Regarding cryptocurrencies, Moldova prohibited Moldova to handle cryptocurrencies in accordance with the Act No. 66.

Monaco

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Monaco is famous for casinos, and all residents born outside of the tourists and Monaco can be gambling at a casino on a land casino by Gambling on June 12, 1987.

Although the country adopted a legal framework on crypto assets in 2022, it did not treat cryptocurrency as a legal currency, and gambling using cryptocurrency is still illegal.

Montenegro

Current status of online gambling Legal

Status of crypto gambling Unclear

Montenegro regulates gambling in accordance with the 2004 gambling method. Both online gambling and retail gambling are recognized in any form if the operator gets appropriate licenses from the Ministry of Finance.

In 2023, the ministry announced a new legal framework on cryptocurrency. Unfortunately, there are blockers.

Netherlands

Current status of online gambling Legal

Status of crypto gambling Unclear

Dutch gambling is legal and regulated under the gambling, gambling law, gambling and gambling tax law. On April 1, 2021, a change to a bill to enable remote gambling in the Netherlands was introduced. The s o-called remote gambling method was enforced on April 1, 2021, and the first license was issued in October 2021 by the country's highest regulatory authorities, Kanspelautoriteititit.

Although cryptocurrency trading is permitted in the Netherlands, there is no clear cryptographic gambling method.

North Macedonia

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Online casinos, lotteries, and sportsbooks are legal in the North Macedonia in accordance with the chances of the Republic of Northern Macedonnia and the Entertainment Game Law. All businesses need to obtain appropriate licenses from the Ministry of Finance before the start of business.

The Cryptocurrency Law is a Money Laundering and Terrorism Funding Law, and cryptocurrency is considered a digital asset to be subject to personal income tax. In Northern Macedonia, gambling using bitcoin and other digital currencies is prohibited.

Norway

Online gambling status legal (provided only by NORSK TIPPING AS and NORSK RIKSTOTO)

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

According to the Norwegicamble method, Norwegian is legal in ESPORTS betting, casino games, numeric games, and betting betting, only in Norwegian and Norsk Rikstoto. The Norwegian Gambling Bureau (Regulatory Authority Lotteri-Og StiftelSestilSynet) is responsible for supervising domestic gambling activities.

The Norwegian culture and the Gender Equality Ministry has proposed discussions on a new gambling bill, but does not mention that gambling will end the national monopoly.

Furthermore, since there is no domestic legal framework for cryptocurrencies, the cryptographic gambling has not been recognized.

Poland

Online gambling status legal (national monopoly)

Status of crypto gambling Unclear

In Poland, the gambling method dated November 19, 2009 is applied, and all gambles are legal. All operators need to get a license from the Ministry of Finance before providing services to the Polish people.

As of July 1, 2017, the government has nearly 29, 000 URL addresses on a blacklist, mostly offshore gambling sites that provide cryptocurrency gambling. The current financial law in the country does not particularly deal with encryption assets.

Portugal

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Portugal gambling is legal in every form. Lan d-based gambling and betting are regulated by law No. 422/89 and laws and regulations, but online casino gambling and betting are regulated based on the provisions of law 66/2015. The Gambling Regulation Inspection Bureau is responsible for managing and regulating all gambling in Japan.

In 2023, a new Portugal tax system on encrypted assets was implemented, and 15 % of tax was charged when receiving encrypted assets in exchange for the sale of other cipher assets. In the country, approved businesses do not accept encryption payments.

Romania

Current status of online gambling Legal

Status of crypto gambling Unclear

Gambling in Romania is completely legal based on GEO 77/2009, and is organized under the supervision of the National Gambling Office (O. N. J. N.), which has been delegated to the operator and provider license by law.

So far, regulatory authorities have not announced guidelines on the use of cryptocurrency for gambling, and the country's financial law does not yet include a comprehensive legal framework.

Russia

Current status of online gambling (partially permit in gambling zone)

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Russia banned all gambling in 2006 with a larg e-scale revision. Online gambling is fully prohibited, and the only official gambling is a sportsbook that can be operated in the stat e-owned lottery, a casino in the gambling zone, an EGM operation, an Interactive Bet and TSUPIS system.

Cryptocurrency gambling is completely prohibited. Payment by cryptocurrency has been banned since 2022.

Sun Marino

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

San Marino regulates lan d-based gambling and online gambling in accordance with the law 67/2000 regulations for exercising games, contest awards, lotteries, lotteries, lotteries, and skill games and betting. In 2014, the law was revised to recognize online gambling.

According to a Cabinet Order on blockchain technology in the country, the use of cryptocurrencies has been allowed. However, the cryptocurrency is not a legal currency of the country, so it cannot be used for gambling.

Serbia

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Serbia adopted a new gambling law in 2020 and gave a detailed outline of all forms of gambling in Japan. Approved games include landbase, online casinos, sportsbooks, lotteries, lottery, lottery, and other classic games. The Ministry of Finance's Gambling Management Bureau is in charge of market regulations.

Offshore casinos are on the blacklist of the Ministry of Finance of the Serbian Finance, and only offshore casinos offer cryptocurrency gambling. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are regulated in Japan, not legal currencies, but in accordance with digital property.

Slovakia

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Slovakia adopted gambling gambling methods on January 29, 2019, legalized casino gambling, sports betting, lottery, and other forms of gambling. Foreign operators have the right to apply for an operation license to the Slovak Gambling Regulatory Bureau. The only remaining monopoly is the number lottery, the special bingo, and the receipt lottery.

A 7 % income tax rate is applied to cryptocurrency, a cryptocurrency, but cannot be used for gambling because it is not a legal currency.

Slovenia

Status of online gambling Legal (state monopoly)

Status of crypto gambling Unclear

Slovenia has legalized classic games of chance (lotteries and betting), numbers lotteries, instant lotteries, quiz lotteries, bingo games, lotto games, sports betting, lotteries, and other similar games under the Gambling Act. The Financial Supervision Authority of the Republic of Slovenia oversees gambling in the country.

As of January 1, 2022, Slovenia will implement a new law on digital currencies, which will be taxed at a flat rate of 10%. There is no clear law on gambling with cryptocurrencies.

Sweden

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Lottery Act (1994:1000), Act on the arrangement of certain gaming machines (1982:636), Casino Act (1999:355), and the Swedish Gambling Act of 2018, which came into force on January 1, 2019.

Legal forms of gambling include commercial casino gambling, sports betting and the state lottery. The Swedish Gambling Authority is the gambling authority in the country, regulating and licensing operators.

Current data shows that gross gaming revenue (GGR) is 27, 353 million kroner. However, gambling with cryptocurrencies is not permitted in the country, despite a favorable view of cryptocurrencies and a growing number of licensed exchanges.

Switzerland

Current status of online gambling Legal

Current Status of Crypto Gambling Illegal

Gambling in Switzerland is governed by the Federal Act on Gambling and Casinos of 18 December 1998 and the Federal Act on Gambling (Gambling Act), amended in 2018, which introduced online gambling in Switzerland.

By decision of the Federal Supreme Court, foreign operators without a license from the Swiss Gambling Supervision Authority (Gespa) are expelled from the market.

Switzerland has enacted a blockchain law, treating cryptocurrencies as assets and not securities. However, the use of cryptocurrencies for gambling is not permitted.

Turkey

Status of online gambling: Illegal (except for the state lottery and state sports betting company IDDAA)

Unknown status of cryptographic gambling

Commercial gambling in Turkey is illegal except for the state lottery (Milli Piyango) and state sports betting company IDDAA.

Ukraine

Current status of online gambling Legal

Status of crypto gambling Unclear

Ukraine has enacted a new law on gambling organizations and management on August 13, 2020, following the expiration of the statutory gambling ban period for 10 years.

The Gambling Lottery Regulation Committee (KRAIL) is in charge of gaming (land bass and online), sports betting, gaming machines, and online poker.

In May 2022, President Zerensky signed a bill about virtual assets and built a legal framework of the cryptocurrency industry in the country. In fact, the country is expected to implement the cryptographic asset market (MICA) regulations.

Gambling using cryptocurrencies is not treated in the legal framework.

Final Thoughts

Are you playing in countries other than Europe and wondering if your country allows encrypted gambling?

If you play from outside Europe, are you worried if your country allows encrypted gambling?

There are also detailed articles about the encryption gambling tax in the United States.

Gambling harm prevention and harm reduction in online environments: a call for action

Gambling is being offered and consumed in online and mobile environments. Digitization of the gambling industry is launching new tasks to prevent harm and reduce harm. The digital environment is different from the gambling environment rooted in conventional land. Many risk factors in gambling, such as the characteristics of games such as speed and intensity, as well as ease of obtaining and ease of access. In addition, gambling data is increasingly personalized and targeted by collecting gambling data in digital environments.

Main results

In this paper, we discuss how gambling in online environments is necessary to prevent and reduce harm. Review existing documents on universal, selective, and adaptive damage reduction and harm prevention efforts for online gambling, and discuss future methods. From this debate, it can be seen that there are several ways to proceed in the universal, selective, and specified levels to prevent and reduce online gambling. Any countermeasures are not enough, and you need mult i-modal and mult i-level intervention. Measures to prevent and reduce harm in online are different from conventional land initiatives. Online gambling providers use a variety of strategies to enable, sell and personalize products using data and wider online ecosystem.

Conclusion

We argue that the same tools and channels should also be used for preventive activities to prevent and reduce public health harm caused by online gambling.

Background

The world's online gambling market is growing rapidly. Market regulations have been relaxed in many areas, and gambling in everyday life is increasing. The recent legal development in the gambling field is strongly focused on issues related to online format regulations or reconnection. [1] Digitization of the gambling market has increased interest in preventing harm and reducing measures in an online environment. The jurisdiction is focused on online advertising and social responsibilities, measures to block unrecognized online competition, onlin e-based treatment and information [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. 。

In order to take advantage of gamblin g-related harm, efforts to reduce effective harm and prevent harm are extremely important. This task is especially urgent in online environments. In recent international met a-analysis, participation in online gambling has shown that it has the largest effect size for the risk of gambling issues. [7] It has been confirmed that young age and male gender are particularly dangerous factors in gambling addiction, especially in online environments. Online casino games, hig h-speed online betting products, and new formal online gambling, such as skinbetting, have increased the ratio of gamblin g-related harm [9, 10, 11, 12]. Gambling online format has many harmful features. Hig h-speed and intense play, bonuses, visible marketing, product cros s-sailing, and constant use of use of mobile gambling. The same product provided online can lead to higher levels of harm than when provided in a land environment. Such harmful aspects may be further emphasized in mobile gambling (usually gambling that is usually used through mobile devices) that can be easily accessed than compute r-based online gambling. < SPAN> The world's online gambling market is growing rapidly. Market regulations have been relaxed in many areas, and gambling in everyday life is increasing. The recent legal development in the gambling field is strongly focused on issues related to online format regulations or reconnection. [1] Digitization of the gambling market has increased interest in preventing harm and reducing measures in an online environment. The jurisdiction is focused on online advertising and social responsibilities, measures to block unrecognized online competition, onlin e-based treatment and information [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. 。

In order to take advantage of gamblin g-related harm, efforts to reduce effective harm and prevent harm are extremely important. This task is especially urgent in online environments. In recent international met a-analysis, participation in online gambling has shown that it has the largest effect size for the risk of gambling issues. [7] It has been confirmed that young age and male gender are particularly dangerous factors in gambling addiction, especially in online environments. Online casino games, hig h-speed online betting products, and new formal online gambling, such as skinbetting, have increased the ratio of gamblin g-related harm [9, 10, 11, 12]. Gambling online format has many harmful features. Hig h-speed and intense play, bonuses, visible marketing, product cros s-sailing, and constant use of use of mobile gambling. The same product provided online can lead to higher levels of harm than when provided in a land environment. Such harmful aspects may be further emphasized in mobile gambling (usually gambling that is usually used through mobile devices) that can be easily accessed than compute r-based online gambling. The world's online gambling market is growing rapidly. Market regulations have been relaxed in many areas, and gambling in everyday life is increasing. The recent legal development in the gambling field is strongly focused on issues related to online format regulations or reconnection. [1] Digitization of the gambling market has increased interest in preventing harm and reducing measures in an online environment. The jurisdiction is focused on online advertising and social responsibilities, measures to block unrecognized online competition, onlin e-based treatment and information [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. 。

In order to take advantage of gamblin g-related harm, efforts to reduce effective harm and prevent harm are extremely important. This task is especially urgent in online environments. In recent international met a-analysis, participation in online gambling has shown that it has the largest effect size for the risk of gambling issues. [7] It has been confirmed that young age and male gender are particularly dangerous factors in gambling addiction, especially in online environments. Online casino games, hig h-speed online betting products, and new formal online gambling, such as skinbetting, have increased the ratio of gamblin g-related harm [9, 10, 11, 12]. Gambling online format has many harmful features. Hig h-speed and intense play, bonuses, visible marketing, product cros s-sailing, and constant use of use of mobile gambling. The same product provided online can lead to higher levels of harm than when provided in a land environment. Such harmful aspects may be further emphasized in mobile gambling (usually gambling that is usually used through mobile devices) that can be easily accessed than compute r-based online gambling.

Many research has been conducted on land gambling and efficacy of efforts to prevent harm and harm on land gambling, including some systematic reviews and recent comprehensive reviews [see 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. I have come. These studies show that many har m-prevention and har m-reducing initiatives can reduce consumption or harm in land environment, but their effectiveness depends greatly on how to implement and measure effects. I will do it. The effectiveness of many interventions in gambling research is measured only in terms of total consumption, or in some cases, the number of individuals that meet the psychological measurement standards of the problem gambling. There are few research on various harmful measures against various harms related to gambling, such as suicide trends, depression, and debt.

Limiting usable and accessibility, mainly used research focusing on lan d-based gambling is one of the most effective measures to reduce total consumption. Measures related to the possibility of use include restricting the number of gambling fields, the business hours of the gambling field, the use of cash and credit, and the ease of use due to age restrictions, etc. [15). , 17, 18, 19, 20, 23]. The ban on smoking and the ban on alcohol in gambling has led to a decrease in gambling consumption. [15, 17, 18]. However, gambling expenditures are concentrated, so the impact on such measures to decrease in harm or problematic gambling may be limited. [15] "Responsible gambling" tools such as pr e-comit and sel f-exclusion may be effective to some extent. In the lan d-based environment, the player identification is insufficient. Measures related to price settings and tax systems have not received empirical support [17, 23]. This seems to be because individual gamblers do not always recognize the play price. < SPAN> A lot of research on the effectiveness of harmful and harmful efforts on land gambling, including some systematic reviews and recent comprehensive reviews [see 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22] Has been done. These studies show that many har m-prevention and har m-reducing initiatives can reduce consumption or harm in land environment, but their effectiveness depends greatly on how to implement and measure effects. I will do it. The effectiveness of many interventions in gambling research is measured only in terms of total consumption, or in some cases, the number of individuals that meet the psychological measurement standards of the problem gambling. There are few research on various harmful measures against various harms related to gambling, such as suicide trends, depression, and debt.

Universal measures

Limiting usable and accessibility, mainly used research focusing on lan d-based gambling is one of the most effective measures to reduce total consumption. Measures related to the possibility of use include restricting the number of gambling fields, the business hours of the gambling field, the use of cash and credit, and the ease of use due to age restrictions, etc. [15). , 17, 18, 19, 20, 23]. The ban on smoking and the ban on alcohol in gambling has led to a decrease in gambling consumption. [15, 17, 18]. However, gambling expenditures are concentrated, so the impact on such measures to decrease in harm or problematic gambling may be limited. [15] "Responsible gambling" tools such as pr e-comit and sel f-exclusion may be effective to some extent. In the lan d-based environment, the player identification is insufficient. Measures related to price settings and tax systems have not received empirical support [17, 23]. This seems to be because individual gamblers do not always recognize the play price. Many research has been conducted on land gambling and efficacy of efforts to prevent harm and harm on land gambling, including some systematic reviews and recent comprehensive reviews [see 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. I have come. These studies show that many har m-prevention and har m-reducing initiatives can reduce consumption or harm in land environment, but their effectiveness depends greatly on how to implement and measure effects. I will do it. The effectiveness of many interventions in gambling research is measured only in terms of total consumption, or in some cases, the number of individuals that meet the psychological measurement standards of the problem gambling. There are few research on various harmful measures against various harms related to gambling, such as suicide trends, depression, and debt.

Limiting usable and accessibility, mainly used research focusing on lan d-based gambling is one of the most effective measures to reduce total consumption. Measures related to the possibility of use include restricting the number of gambling fields, the business hours of the gambling field, the use of cash and credit, and the ease of use due to age restrictions, etc. [15). , 17, 18, 19, 20, 23]. The ban on smoking and the ban on alcohol in gambling has led to a decrease in gambling consumption. [15, 17, 18]. However, gambling expenditures are concentrated, so the impact on such measures to decrease in harm or problematic gambling may be limited. [15] "Responsible gambling" tools such as pr e-comit and sel f-exclusion may be effective to some extent. The player is insufficient in the lan d-based environment [5, 17], and its effectiveness is reduced due to low usage in online environments. Measures related to price settings and tax systems have not received empirical support [17, 23]. This seems to be because individual gamblers do not always recognize the play price.

It is not clear whether the knowledge obtained from the lan d-based gambling can be converted to an online gambling. There is a gap in knowledge about what harm prevention should be implemented in an online environment, and what harm prevention is effective online. Gordon and REITH argue that it should expand the efforts to reduce harm not only on personal effects of gambling harm but also to incorporate social and cultural impacts. In such an initiative, we should work on structural and social factors such as space and location. The context of implementation is extremely important for the effectiveness of countermeasures. Such a sensitivity to this context must be expanded so that not only gambling but also the route to prevent harm and reduction efforts is to be incorporated.

In this paper, we will discuss the possibilities and issues of implementing initiatives to prevent gambling and reduce harm in online environments. The figure shows the universal, selectivity, and indicated harm reduction and harm prevention in online environments below. As Simon et al. [25] also claims, the publi c-hygiene approach to reduction of harm in gambling and preventing harm need to be targeted at several levels to address the burden on society and individuals. There is. We will also discuss ways to improve gambling harm and harm prevention in online environments.

Universal measures are generally targeted on the provider. This includes an approach that aims to reduce the total consumption at the group level. As shown in the alcohol fields and some gambling forms, reducing total consumption leads to harm [26, 27]. From the viewpoint of public health, universal measures are effective in reducing and preventing the harm of the group level. [15, 28]. < SPAN> It is not clear whether the knowledge obtained from the lan d-based gambling can be converted into an online gambling. There is a gap in knowledge about what harm prevention should be implemented in an online environment, and what harm prevention is effective online. Gordon and REITH argue that it should expand the efforts to reduce harm not only on personal effects of gambling harm but also to incorporate social and cultural impacts. In such an initiative, we should work on structural and social factors such as space and location. The context of implementation is extremely important for the effectiveness of countermeasures. Such a sensitivity to this context must be expanded so that not only gambling but also the route to prevent harm and reduction efforts is to be incorporated.

In this paper, we will discuss the possibilities and issues of implementing initiatives to prevent gambling and reduce harm in online environments. The figure shows the universal, selectivity, and indicated harm reduction and harm prevention in online environments below. As Simon et al. [25] also claims, the publi c-hygiene approach to reduction of harm in gambling and preventing harm need to be targeted at several levels to address the burden on society and individuals. There is. We will also discuss ways to improve gambling harm and harm prevention in online environments.

Universal measures are generally targeted on the provider. This includes an approach that aims to reduce the total consumption at the group level. As shown in the alcohol fields and some gambling forms, reducing total consumption leads to harm [26, 27]. From the viewpoint of public health, universal measures are effective in reducing and preventing the harm of the group level. [15, 28]. It is not clear whether the knowledge obtained from the lan d-based gambling can be converted to an online gambling. There is a gap in knowledge about what harm prevention should be implemented in an online environment, and what harm prevention is effective online. Gordon and REITH argue that it should expand the efforts to reduce harm not only on personal effects of gambling harm but also to incorporate social and cultural impacts. In such an initiative, we should work on structural and social factors such as space and location. The context of implementation is extremely important for the effectiveness of countermeasures. Such a sensitivity to this context must be expanded so that not only gambling but also the route to prevent harm and reduction efforts is to be incorporated.

In this paper, we will discuss the possibilities and issues of implementing initiatives to prevent gambling and reduce harm in online environments. The figure shows the universal, selectivity, and indicated harm reduction and harm prevention in online environments below. As Simon et al. [25] also claims, the publi c-hygiene approach to reduction of harm in gambling and preventing harm need to be targeted at several levels to address the burden on society and individuals. There is. We will also discuss ways to improve gambling harm and harm prevention in online environments.

Universal measures are generally targeted on the provider. This includes an approach that aims to reduce the total consumption at the group level. As shown in the alcohol fields and some gambling forms, reducing total consumption leads to harm [26, 27]. From the viewpoint of public health, universal measures are effective in reducing and preventing the harm of the group level. [15, 28].

Selective measures

Gambling accessibility is an important issue in land-based gambling [15, 17]. The greater the availability of gambling, the higher the prevalence of problem gambling [29], but other studies also support the so-called adaptation hypothesis [30]. The effectiveness of reducing availability also depends on how widespread its implementation is [17]. Geographical availability for land-based gambling is relatively easy to implement. In online gambling, limiting availability is not as easy. That said, examples of availability restrictions in online environments exist. For example, in Norway, online casinos operated by the state monopoly Norsk Tipping are closed between 3:00 and 7:00 AM. In Finland, another monopoly, deposits to online casino websites are not allowed between midnight and 6:00 AM [31]. As for unregulated offshore gambling, availability is restricted using various blocking measures, such as IP/DNS blocking and payment blocking. These are effective in preventing some traffic, but are resource-intensive for comprehensive implementation [6]. For example, gambling providers can easily change their IP addresses or hide their payment channels by using fourth-party payment platforms (a kind of “mixing service”) [32].

A lot of online gambling takes place in a mobile environment. App availability is therefore another problem that requires novel solutions. The mobile gambling app ecosystem cannot be regulated by simply restricting the availability of gambling apps in app stores, because apps can also be downloaded directly from gambling websites or various third-party app distribution sites. For example, an analysis of illegal gambling apps in China found more than 6, 000 websites offering gambling apps via 1, 415 distribution sites [32]. Instead of focusing only on gambling websites, efforts are needed that target the availability made possible through such a complex ecosystem. Collaboration with app stores, developers and distribution sites could provide a way forward.

Exposure to marketing is another universal problem in reducing gambling harm [17, 33]. Research evidence has shown that exposure to marketing and gambling behavior have a dos e-response relationship. Population surveys are also associated with marketing and problematic gambling [34]. Marketing and advertising targets are often young. A systematic review on exposure to gambling ads for young people [35] shows that young men are particularly influenced by marketing. Marketing normalizes gambling and enhances harmful gambling behavior. For young people, economic advertising was the most harmful marketing message.

In the online environment, marketing is becoming more and more complicated. In an online environment, it is not enough to limit the content of outlets, platforms, or marketing messages. Online marketing is not universal but more targeted. For example, in social media, many people touch gamblin g-related content.

Gambling companies have collected data from the players collected to enable hig h-personality of marketing messages, such as using sports Fundam and cros s-selling products [13, 36, 37]. A sponsor contract with gambling companies has also extended to the world of e-sports and online games. Marketing on social media can further increase exposure and obscure the border between marketing and other content. In a country like France, a law that restricts harmful products in social media has already been passed. It is extremely important to regulate and prevent harm that responds to changes in the marketing environment of online gambling. Similarly, the data collected by gamblers to spread marketing messages is to use players data, such as using players data to focus on harmful play information. You can do it. < SPAN> exposure to marketing is another universal problem in reducing gambling harm [17, 33]. Research evidence has shown that exposure to marketing and gambling behavior have a dos e-response relationship. Population surveys are also associated with marketing and problematic gambling [34]. Marketing and advertising targets are often young. A systematic review on exposure to gambling ads for young people [35] shows that young men are particularly influenced by marketing. Marketing normalizes gambling and enhances harmful gambling behavior. For young people, economic advertising was the most harmful marketing message.

In the online environment, marketing is becoming more and more complicated. In an online environment, it is not enough to limit the content of outlets, platforms, or marketing messages. Online marketing is not universal but more targeted. For example, in social media, many people touch gamblin g-related content.

Gambling companies have collected data from the players collected to enable hig h-personality of marketing messages, such as using sports Fundam and cros s-selling products [13, 36, 37]. A sponsor contract with gambling companies has also extended to the world of e-sports and online games. Marketing on social media can further increase exposure and obscure the border between marketing and other content. In a country like France, a law that restricts harmful products in social media has already been passed. It is extremely important to regulate and prevent harm that responds to changes in the marketing environment of online gambling. Similarly, the data collected by gamblers to spread marketing messages is to use players data, such as using players data to focus on harmful play information. You can do it. Exposure to marketing is another universal problem in reducing gambling harm [17, 33]. Research evidence has shown that exposure to marketing and gambling behavior have a dos e-response relationship. Population surveys are also associated with marketing and problematic gambling [34]. Marketing and advertising targets are often young. A systematic review on exposure to gambling advertisements [35] shows that young men are especially influenced by marketing. Marketing normalizes gambling and enhances harmful gambling behavior. For young people, economic advertising was the most harmful marketing message.

In the online environment, marketing is becoming more and more complicated. In an online environment, it is not enough to limit the content of outlets, platforms, or marketing messages. Online marketing is not universal but more targeted. For example, in social media, many people touch gamblin g-related content.

Gambling companies have collected data from the players collected to enable hig h-personality of marketing messages, such as using sports Fundam and cros s-selling products [13, 36, 37]. A sponsor contract with gambling companies has also extended to the world of e-sports and online games. Marketing on social media can further increase exposure and obscure the border between marketing and other content. In a country like France, a law that restricts harmful products in social media has already been passed. It is extremely important to regulate and prevent harm that responds to changes in the marketing environment of online gambling. Similarly, the data collected by gamblers to spread marketing messages is to use players data, such as using players data to focus on harmful play information. You can do it.

Indicated interventions

In order to transfer the responsibility of "responsible gambling" from consumers to providers and regulatory authorities, it is necessary to further regulate product characteristics. In some countries, including Sweden and the Netherlands, gambling laws have a "caution obligatory" policy. However, the content of these policies is currently focused on monitoring players rather than products. The characteristics of harmful products are not limited to online environments: not only digital channels, but also gambling products at lan d-based venues are designed to have high absorption and addiction [4, 13. , 39]. However, most of the current market development is online. For example, the characteristics similar to gaming, such as interactive functions, the possibility of "leve l-up", and online communities related to gambling products, enhance the appeal of online gambling (and potential harm). Similarly, online channels provide the possibility of products that become faster, such as Impreveting [41]. It is necessary to deal effectively with such harmful characteristics and make it more harmful design [4]. [42] In order to achieve this, some calls for regulatory authorities before the introduction of new products. [42] B2B Licensing may be one way for regulatory authorities to approve products in addition to businesses. [43]

It has been pointed out that information provision and educational campaigns are inadequate solutions to prevent gambling harm at the group level. However, the warning label displayed in the product is effective in reducing consumption if it is properly designed. If the warning message is insufficient, there is even a possibility of further consumption [44, 45]. According to a qualitative evidence from Australia [, for example, 46], a warning that emphasizes individual responsibilities, such as "gambling with responsibility," is not considered effective. Rather, it is considered exempt from the gambling industry itself. An effective warning message needs to emphasize the serious harm caused by gambling, as in a tobacco warning label, instead of individual responsibility. Information campaigns focusing on specific social groups are also effective. For example, in New Zealand, campaigns for the Maori tribe have recently been implemented.

Targeting or dynamic information provision can be easily implemented online to other groups. Data enables personalized warnings and other information campaigns, as marketing campaigns are focused on online environments. This is not only at the consumer level, but also at a more universal customer segment level. The literature on online health promotion and health awareness suggests that content created by social media and "influencers" may be particularly effective among young people [48, 49]. For example, the Gambling Free Feed, the currently ongoing European Union (EU), is aimed at developing a model to prevent harm to gambling.

Selective measures are intended for hig h-risk vulnerable groups that cause gambling problems. The definition of social vulnerable is flexible. One review research specifies at least seven vulnerable groups (young people, elderly, women, veterans, indigenous people, prisoners, lo w-income people). [51] [51] In the online environment, you can take selective measures based on gambling actions, not population or soci o-economic characteristics. Selection of actio n-based measures requires identity verification. In the online environment, identity verification is widely used, so such precautionary measures are easier to implement than land gambling.

Age restriction is one of the most universal gambling policies to prevent harm [1, 52]. In order for age restrictions to be effective, for example, it is necessary to systematically perform age confirmation using an electronic identification card [44, 53]. This can be done online easily. Collecting the ID of the national ID database and the personal ID system is a particularly good method to prevent the access of a minor (or sel f-excluded) player [44, 54]. In addition to preventing minor gambling, you can also use the identification of online environments to apply more strict play restrictions to new adults. For example, Sweden's gambling provider, SVENSKA SPEL, sets the deposit limit for players under the age of 20 than players of age. [55]

Prescomitment includes tools for gamblers to control gambling, such as limiting and sel f-exclusion. These are useful for restricting and preventing problematic gambling [5, 22]. The validity of the forced prior pledge has gained more empirical backing, but there is no consistent evidence on the validity of the prior oath agreement system [17, 20, 21]. Forced identity verification in online environments enables the development and implementation of global limit settings and concentrated providers cros s-elimination registration.

Conclusions

Sel f-exrressions are studied in various contexts, but their endings depend on implementation. It seems that sel f-exclusion specialized in websites is less effective than unified systemem. For example, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Germany have recently introduced a nationwide sel f-exclusion registration. According to the survey, the effectiveness has declined because the proceeded cros s-discipline registration is extensive in a wide range, but there is a gambling provision in an online environment. [56] In addition to sel f-exclusion, online operators can provide temporary exclusions such as panic buttons and have legal obligations to provide [57]. If you want to limit your online gambling yourself, you can also download block software designed to prevent access to online gambling sites on computers and mobile phones. This kind of software has been found to block up to 99%of gambling sites, including offshore provisions. < SPAN> Presecomits include tools for gamblers to control gambling, such as limit settings and sel f-exclusion. These are useful for restricting and preventing problematic gambling [5, 22]. The validity of the forced prior pledge has gained more empirical backing, but there is no consistent evidence on the validity of the prior oath agreement system [17, 20, 21]. Forced identity verification in online environments enables the development and implementation of global limit settings and concentrated providers cros s-elimination registration.

Sel f-exrressions are studied in various contexts, but their endings depend on implementation. It seems that sel f-exclusion specialized in websites is less effective than unified systemem. For example, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Germany have recently introduced a nationwide sel f-exclusion registration. According to the survey, the effectiveness has declined because the proceeded cros s-discipline registration is extensive in a wide range, but there is a gambling provision in an online environment. [56] In addition to sel f-exclusion, online operators can provide temporary exclusions such as panic buttons and have legal obligations to provide [57]. If you want to limit your online gambling yourself, you can also download block software designed to prevent access to online gambling sites on computers and mobile phones. This kind of software has been found to block up to 99%of gambling sites, including offshore provisions. Prescomitment includes tools for gamblers to control gambling, such as limiting and sel f-exclusion. These are useful for restricting and preventing problematic gambling [5, 22]. The validity of the forced prior pledge has gained more empirical backing, but there is no consistent evidence on the validity of the prior oath agreement system [17, 20, 21]. Forced identity verification in online environments enables the development and implementation of global limit settings and concentrated providers cros s-elimination registration.

Sel f-exrressions are studied in various contexts, but their endings depend on implementation. It seems that sel f-exclusion specialized in websites is less effective than unified systemem. For example, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Germany have recently introduced a nationwide sel f-exclusion registration. According to the survey, the effectiveness has declined because the proceeded cros s-discipline registration is extensive in a wide range, but there is a gambling provision in an online environment. [56] In addition to sel f-exclusion, online operators can provide temporary exclusions such as panic buttons and have legal obligations to provide [57]. If you want to limit your online gambling yourself, you can also download block software designed to prevent access to online gambling sites on computers and mobile phones. This kind of software has been found to block up to 99%of gambling sites, including offshore provisions.

As with self-exclusion, the effectiveness of limit enforcement depends on its implementation. Limit enforcement can be mandatory or optional and can take a variety of forms (play limits, deposit limits, bet limits, loss limits; see [59]). Overall, limits are well-received by players. A survey study of active online gamblers in Sweden (N = 10, 200) found that 95. 6% of gamblers viewed limit enforcement positively. The same survey also showed that non-problem gamblers did not find pre-commitment measures to be a problem [60]. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between limit enforcement and the percentage of players with positive net losses [60]. In general, mandatory restrictions are more effective. Also, most players stop when they reach their limit [5]. To be effective, limits must be reasonable. Even if maximum limits are not enforced by law, providers can allow limits up to several million euros [61]. The online environment allows for reasonable cross-provider limit setting. For example, Germany maintains a centralized system that maintains a cross-provider deposit limit of 1000 euros per month across all licensed gambling providers.

Not only providers, but also online payment gateway services may be employed to track gambling accounts across gambling platforms. Gambling websites and apps use third parties, even third-party payment services, to improve privacy [32]. These payment solution services may also be used to track potentially harmful purchasing patterns or control cross-provider limit setting [62].

Availability of data and materials

Pop-ups and targeted information tools have been studied especially in land-based EGM (electronic gambling machine) gambling, but the findings also apply to the online environment. Pop-ups can be utilized, for example, to remind gamblers about pre-set monetary or time limits [22, 42, 63]. Pop-ups are effective in limiting gambling consumption, but their effectiveness depends on the implementation [21, 22]. Overall, more engaging and personalized pop-ups are associated with higher compliance with restrictions [22]. More empirical research needs to be conducted on the effectiveness of pop-ups and targeted information in online environments and across different populations [see 64, 65]. For example, younger players may be more responsive to photos.