Page 485 CDC Gaming Reports

Century expands flagshp Polsh casno property

Posted: March 24, 2022 Created: Cory - Others

Boyd Gaming Casino customers should expect to decrease the number of promotion offers and employees.

This is part of the message that CFO's Josh Hirsberg and Director of Corporate Finance's Jake Mulcahyy have given a meeting with the analyst Bary Jonas of Truist Securities. Executives stated that in the situation after COVID, the promotion was "unable to go back", and the market as a whole was "rational" for comps and other incentives. They acknowledged that the increase in marketing costs is possible in the long term, but not to sacrifice corporate cash flow.

Regarding the number of employees, the voids had about 25, 000 employees in the event of a large power outage, but are now about 15, 000, with 1, 500 new employment from 1, 000 to 1, 500 from the next 12 to 24 months. By adding, it will cover this 40 % decrease.

"Some of the increase in the number of personnel relieves pressure on existing staff, but (management) believes that other employments will promote profits (eg, all hotels at the current labor level. "I can't get a relevant gaming revenue)" Jonas records, and Boyd is ultimately making a technical investment in order to reduce the dependence on the labor force. One of the driving force is the management desire to maintain profits and cash flow margins at the level of 2021.

Boyd does not feel pain due to the rise in gasoline prices, saying that there is no serious effect on gasoline prices or other inflation. The company added, "Since the Ukrainian dispute began, the customer's behavior has not changed."

BOYD has also increased returns by Hawaiian customers, and Downtown in Las Vegas has said that the company has the biggest upside of the company (in contrast to the Mi d-West and Southern parts, recorded 2021. Comparison with the year will be difficult as this year mature). Hirsberg and MULCAHY also pointed out that Hawaii's private flights are increasing, suggesting that Boyd may completely withdraw from the charter service.

The consumer trend in 2022 was described as "strongly consistent." Regionally, voids are in Kansa Star stores with competitive pressure with newly entered Cross Uins. In Shuribe Port, smoking cessation continues to adversely affect local Sams Town. However, MULCAHY and Hilsberg said, "We are not very concerned about new entry and expected competitors."

This year, $ 500 million i n-house stock buying was on schedule, and Boyd has resumed dividends.

According to Jonas, debt reduction is not a priority at the moment, but a bullish attitude is that "the consistent performance is a considerable (free cash flow) creation, a dere ballage, and the current capital reduction". It is said that it has not broken. He suggested that Wall Street has not poured Boyd enough and evaluates Boyd as an OPCO (such as Pennn National Gaming) who does not own a casino.

Jonas raised the target stock price of BYD from $ 90 to $ 99. The stock price is currently trading for $ 68.

SBC Summit North America will examine broad themes, emerging trends in gaming

Posted: March 24, 2022 Created: Cory - Others

The SBC Summit North America announced on Thursday that Sportsbetting and Main Stream Entertainment are parallel, and the industry's close relationship with professional sports, entertainment, broadcast and online media will be the center theme of this year's event.

The Summit will be held from July 12 to 14 at the Medoud Lands Exposition Center in Secocus, New Jersey.

The agenda of the SBC Summit focuses important problems, such as how legal sports betting is spreading into popular culture and the opportunity to be born later.

Converving Worlds (Fusion Worlds) Conference Trucks verifies the lessons learned from digita l-first custome r-centered industries, discussing the next major field of different industries, and sports teams and leagues for fans. Evaluate how to integrate betting content well.

In addition to the senior executives of the gambling industry, the media, entertainment, and professional sports experts will also be on stage to discuss how to develop the relationship between each field and the betting operator. It is also discussed that sportsbooks compete effectively with streaming channels and online video games and compete for target viewers' screen time.

At the end of Converving Worlds is a session that verifies how the popularity of sports betting and how the main brands in this field have changed the situation of tribal casinos and state lotteries.

CONVERGING WORLDS is one of the eight conference trucks held on July 13-14. There are also content programs specializing in business opportunities in the emerging wigming field, the latest regulatory trends, nex t-generation payment technology, and industry investment status.

The evolution of the Sports Betting Division is also discussed, and trucks are planned on operators leadership teams, product development, and marketing strategies.

On the first day of the summit, a player protection summit will be held, and panelists will take up the gambling problem. The venue for the player protection summit has not yet been announced.

The event on July 13-14, including Fanduel, Caesars Digital, Bally's Corporation, Penn National Gaming, Entain, Pointsbet The above speakers participate.

"In the past year, the speed of change in the industry was amazing. 。

"The SBC Summit North American 2022 conference elements share ideas on how to maximize the already achieved progress while listening to the most influential executive opinions in the industry. Provide opportunities to do.

Participants of SBC Summit North America can access a trading show floor where 75 major betting and egaming suppliers exhibit the latest products, and will be held for three nights at New York and New Jersey. ・ You can also participate in networking parties.

ESPN’s Mike Clay signs multi-year contract extension

Posted: March 24, 2022 Created: Cory - Others

Mike Clay, one of the main analysts of ESPN, who provides fans with NFL, fantasy football and sports betting through ESPN platforms, signed a mult i-year contract.

Clay, a writer and analyst with awards, provides content to ESPN. COM throughout the year, and "Fantasy Wager", ESPN+"THE FANTASY SHOW WITHE WITHEWER Ry ", He has appeared on top ESPN programs such as Podcast "Fantasy Focus Football" and "Daily Wager".

He is credited as an industry innovator, introducing several new concepts and statistics that have become standard metrics in football analytics, including snap and route data, wide receiver vs. cornerback matchups, average depth of target (aDOT), opportunity-adjusted touchdowns (OTD), opportunity-adjusted fantasy points (OFP) and fantasy points above replacement (FORP). Clay also pioneered personnel package analysis, game-flow adjusted play calling, regression to the mean for touchdowns, yards after contact and box defenders.

"Mike's deep insights and innovative analysis reach football fans and fantasy players beyond his articles," said Scott Clark, ESPN vice president of fantasy and betting content. "His work as a fantasy football analyst gives him more influence over fans.

Part of Clay's status as a top football analyst comes from his success in fantasy football expert leagues, including multiple wins in the prestigious FSGA Champions League (2018, 2020) and APEX Expert Writers League (2014, 2016, 2020), as well as the inaugural Scott Fishbowl (2010).

Bill to give Atlantic City a cut of sport bet taxes advances

Posted: March 24, 2022 Created: Cory - Others

ATLANTIC CITY, NJ (AP) - New Jersey lawmakers are considering ways to pump tax money from the state's thriving sports betting market into Atlantic City.

A state Senate committee on Thursday proposed a bill to revise the sports betting tax revenue currently used by the Casino Reinvestment Development Authority to promote Atlantic City. He introduced a bill to divert the 1. 25% tax.

The bill would instead give the money to the city to use in reducing local property taxes.

The amount at issue is about $2 million a year, according to the bill's sponsor, Sen. Troy Singleton, a Democrat from southern New Jersey.

Mayor Marty Small has long complained that the city gets nothing from the various taxes the state levies on casinos and the tourism industry, including parking taxes, luxury taxes and hotel occupancy taxes. Sports betting is another area the state taxes, but the city gets nothing from, the mayor said.

"Everybody in this room, and there are about 25 of us, can drive to Atlantic City," Small said. "If you park your car, you get a parking tax. If you go to a bar, you buy a drink, that's a luxury tax. If you go into a room, you get a room tax. If you go to a late-night show, that's another luxury tax. If you bet on sports, you get a sports betting tax.

"What do Atlantic City residents get for our stay? Zero. When are we going to get our share?"

State Sen. Vincent Polistina, a Republican who represents the Atlantic City area, said Atlantic City has received enough tax breaks in an amendment to the in-lieu bill approved by the Legislature in December.

He opposed the bill and said any changes to the flow of funds to the Casino Reinvestment Authority should come after a "global discussion" about Atlantic City's current and future, especially the additional casinos in New York that will soon be approved.

New Jersey has led the nation in sports betting market size since shortly after the first legal bets were made in 2018. It was only as recently as January that New York allowed mobile sports betting, overtaking New Jersey for the top spot.

Singleton says state lawmakers are constantly talking about giving back to the people. "This is literally giving money back to taxpayers. If we're serious about affordability, this is an opportunity.

The bill still needs Senate and House approval.

Follow Wayne Parry on Twitter www. twitter. com/WayneParryAC

Posted: March 24, 2022 by Cory - Sports Betting

ESPN’s Mike Clay signs multi-year contract extension

Mike Clay, one of ESPN's leading analysts who provides NFL, fantasy football and sports betting insights to fans across ESPN's platforms, has signed a multi-year contract extension.

Mike Clay, one of the main analysts of ESPN, who provides fans with NFL, fantasy football and sports betting through ESPN platforms, signed a mult i-year contract.

Louisiana: DraftKings, CQ Holding, open temporary sportsbook at Hollywood Casino Baton Rouge

DraftKings and CQ Holding Company also operate DraftKings at Casino Queen in East St. Louis, Illinois.

The temporary sportsbook will be open to fans 21 and older and will feature 20 self-service kiosks and three in-store sports betting ticket cages.

"CQ Holding Company President and CEO "Hollywood Casino Baton Rouge's temporary DraftKings Sportsbook will provide our guests with a new and exciting way to enjoy this historic facility," said Terry Downey, president and CEO, in a statement. "We believe this temporary DraftKings Sportsbook space will lay the foundation for a most engaging sports viewing environment, which will be even more appealing when the permanent DraftKings Sportsbook opens next year."

Construction of a permanent DraftKings Sportsbook is underway inside Hollywood Casino Baton Rouge. The casino recently broke ground on a 38, 000-square-foot expansion project, which will move casino operations from riverboats along the Mississippi River to land. The move will bring the casino's footprint to 100, 000 square feet and include a DraftKings Sportsbook and new dining options.

"We are excited to expand DraftKings' footprint in Louisiana and expand our footprint to 2, 000 square feet," Downey said in a statement. "We are excited to demonstrate our commitment to the region with the opening of our second retail sportsbook space. We look forward to working with CQ Holding Company and Hollywood Casino to revolutionize the sports betting experience while providing a great entertainment venue for sports fans in Baton Rouge," said Jeffrey Ann Schneider, CEO of CQ Holdings.

Posted: March 24, 2022 Posted by: Cory --Igaming

FanDuel strikes content deal with White Hat Studios

Fanduel Group and White Hat Studios have announced a new content contract on Thursday to supply slots, jacket slots, and RNG table content to US Fanduel Group players in the European market.

As part of this contract, FANDUEL will cooperate with WHITE HAT STUDIOS, a content category of the I Generation Platform White Hat Gaming, to create custo m-made games and shor t-term monopoly content for FANDUEL. This contract is for brands such as Fanduel Casino, Stardust Casino, Pokerstars, Mohegan Sun Casino, in the legal gaming market in New Jersey, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and West Virginia. With UEL Group's online casino The provision of online poker is expanded.

"Fanduel Group's Vice President Andrew Gradwell," I'm excited to be able to provide Jackpot Royale products and games of Jackpot Royale of White Hat to Fanduel players. "Providing innovative experiences in exciting. Is one of our missions.

Thursday transactions are based on the announcement in July 2021 that WHITE HAT GAMING, based in Malta, has acquired Blueprint Gaming game catalogs and the U. S. market RGS.

Posted on March 24, 2022 by Cory --Complete casino

Sightline chooses JP Morgan Payments for merchant acquisition, payments processing

Sightline Payments announced on Thursday that it has selected J. P. Morgan Payments as the main member of the Las Vega s-based Digital Payment provider, Play+Ec o-System, the Acwirer and payment processor.

"Omer Sattar, a joint CEO of Sightline, says in the statement," I am very happy to be able to adopt J. P. Morgan Payments and improve the payment experience in the North American game industry, which has severe regulations. "We are now. , Gaming Industry's settlement ecosystem, is in an important phase of J. P. Morgan Payment solves the biggest tasks facing the industry and enjoys the modern omn i-channel gaming experience. It will help you provide a true solution.

With Play+Eco System, customers can use more than 80 parts of 40 states in the casino market in sports betting, lottery, lottery, horse racing, online and actual stores. Routing PLAY+transactions through J. P. Morgan Payments provides a quick cash out to consumers, bringing profits to merchants and Play+account holders.

"At J. P. Morgan Payments, we have seen significant growth in digital payments in the gaming industry," Drew Soinski, managing director and senior payments executive, said in a statement. "We are excited that Sightline selected our best-in-class products and services to process payments for Play+.

In 2021, Play+ began offering cashless gaming at casinos in Nevada, Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania. Visitors to these casinos can use their Play+ accounts to fund their casino experience without using cash on and off the casino floor. There are now more than 1. 5 million Play+ account holders nationwide.

Posted on March 23, 2022 by Cory - More

New Jersey fines BetMGM $25K for bets on prohibited basketball games

ATLANTIC CITY, N. J. (AP) - BetMGM last year took bets of less than $100 on college basketball games in New Jersey that should not have been placed. Now, the company has over 25, 000 New Jersey residents will be required to pay a $1, 000 fine.

State law prohibits betting on New Jersey college teams or college games played in New Jersey, even if the games feature teams from another state. The same law prevents fans of St. Peter's University, based in Jersey City, from legally betting on their Cinderella team's Sweet 16 game on Friday.

Other states also ban betting on their own college teams, including New York, South Dakota, Virginia and Washington.

New Jersey voters passed a law last year that prohibits betting on college teams in the state, including the 1990s and 1990s. In May, the state had a chance to change the law, but a referendum to allow such betting was overwhelmingly defeated. The initial ban stemmed from some lawmakers' concerns about maintaining the integrity of college sports.

New Jersey fans would have to travel outside the state, to New York or Pennsylvania, to legally bet on St. Peter's games.

In documents made public last week, New Jersey gambling regulators fined BetMGM, which has a partnership with the Borgata Casino, for betting on tournament games and Rutgers University games.

According to the state Division of Gaming Enforcement, BetMGM accepted two bets on March 10, 2021, on the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference tournament game between Niagara University and Marist University, to be played the following day in Atlantic City.

Enforcement fined BetMGM, but the company blamed its technology partner, Entain PLC, for a series of errors that led to the bets being offered improperly. BetMGM told Entain that Entain typically initiates the creation of betting markets, a process that includes checking where the games will be played, but that Entain failed to flag that the games would be played in New Jersey.

Both BetMGM and Entain did not respond to requests for comment on Tuesday and Wednesday, but BetMGM reached a settlement agreement with the state to pay a $25, 000 fine.

Enforcement also said Entain's trading and operations department failed to discover the mistake, even though it would have had to manually check where the games were playing by reviewing event spreadsheets. The department also said that both companies employ automated venue-checking systems, but that they were not used because their copy of the program was not working at the time.

A member of BetMGM's trading team noticed the mistake 40 minutes after the bet was offered, voided the bet and returned the bettor's money.

Ten days later, the BetMGM and Borgata websites offered a pre-prepared parlay that included Rutgers basketball games. The parlay was available for eight hours before BetMGM realized the mistake and removed it.

The enforcement department said an Entain employee working in Australia created the parlay, but did not recognize Rutgers as a New Jersey team, making it ineligible for betting.

Posted on March 23, 2022 by Cory - Commercial Casino

Attracting younger generations to casinos of the future is focus of Casino Esport Conference in Las Vegas

Future casinos will need to focus on augmented reality, virtual reality and other immersive experiences if they want to attract millennials and younger generations to their establishments, according to a conference panel.

The future of the casino industry was discussed at the opening of the Casino Esport Conference in Las Vegas on Wednesday.

"Dennstone Group's Oliver Rovatat CEO," My casino for nex t-generation customers, which will be very valuable, pays attention to attractive and immersive experiences. The problem is that somebody here will not understand it as a whole. "

Rovegas AREA15 is an example of a complex of experimental retail, dining, and entertainment, which is an example of a casino. AREA15 is known for its immersive entertainment, from simulations to fly over large cities to interactive art exhibitions.

"The focus is the next generation of visitors and has a remarkable success," said Rovat. "Before this facility opened, we examined to do the same for larg e-scale businesses in the city.

Robert Lipy, Executive Director of UNLV Black Fire Innovation Hub, said that innovation such as expansion reality, virtual reality, and robot engineering could change the future casino industry.

"Five years ago, even if we talked about robot engineering to the operators in our innovation labs, we did not show any interest at all," he said. "Do they have a robot to do this today? No, no, but it is possible to develop."

Leaving said that the world is innovating into a highly immersive metaArs and dat a-led environment.

"From our generation, the iPhone that I carry with a computer in my pocket was amazingly worthwhile." For our generation, the iPhone was amazing. Technology has evolved and its momentum has gained. In a beautiful space that you can not experience anywhere else, you can now use technology to perform multiple experiences seamlessly. "

Andrew Wilgas, Executive Director of ESPORTS INNOVATION CENTER at the University of Stockton, stated that a lif e-sized monopoly board could enjoy the casino.

"If it's in the casino and some of the memorable games, it will be a wonderful experience," says wild.

Wild gas has added that the other immersive experiences that are planned in the future may be linked to the casino industry. One is to go to Madison Square Garden in New York and see the battlefield holographic arena.

"You can see the guys playing on stage at a Call of Duty tournament, and see the soldiers fighting in front of you, in a glamorous setting. That's what augmented reality is bringing to the table.

Las Vegas hasn't been particularly creative with new ideas, says Lovatt, but it's been good at finding experiences that can be done in other places, and then using them and finally making them a reality.

"There's some really cool stuff coming out of the UK, from the experiential side. "The problem is, when you explain this to casinos, a lot of establishments have a hard time defining who their customer is, or should be. If you have a choice between a 15, 000-square-foot digital experience or a sports bar, which one would you choose? We do what we know."

The history of casino floors has gone from table games to slots to being amenity-driven, but what they've been trying to do over the last 30 years is to go from a single-action experience to offering customers a tandem or tridem experience. The casino puts on a show, there's dinner before the show, and there's gambling after the show.

"I believe that to successfully develop a casino floor for the next generation, you have to identify who that customer is and create as many things as they can to meet their functional, emotional and tribal needs," Lovatt said. "We played it too safe. We were lucky to survive COVID and come back stronger. I don't know who it is or where it's going to come from, but someone is going to be very successful in the next 10 to 15 years."

Wielgus said he remains optimistic that esports is part of that future. He said there are multiple ways to make money, from paid tournaments to professional events. For example, League of Legends might be in a city.

"Once we figure out how it works effectively and we can make sure there's no hacking built into the system, this kind of thing would be a tremendous revenue stream for casinos. "Once that's possible, it's a tremendous attraction to the younger generation that's used to those games. People who are 40 now."

The development of tourism determines the transformation of the cultural landscape, the spatial development of coastal areas, the scale of recreational architecture and other forms of development related to tourist services. The paper presents a study aimed at analyzing tourism development from the point of view of its impact on the cultural landscape of the Polish coastal regions, taking into account the peculiarities of post-communist countries and supra-regional trends. The main objective of the study is to analyze the development of tourism in the context of the impact of the cultural landscape on seaside towns and, based on the changes, to identify the nature of tourism and recreational forms at certain stages of the formation of spatial and recreational architectural elements of the coastal regions. The study was carried out on the basis of field surveys of selected coastal areas, including the study of historical interpretation, urban planning inventory, landscape, functional and spatial analysis. As a result of the survey, the stages of transformation of the cultural landscape of the coastal regions were revealed and characteristic features of architecture and landscape were shown. The journey along the coastline is a time journey of the changing nature of architecture, where one can observe the staged nature of the investment process in response to changing needs of tourists.

The Stages of the Cultural Landscape Transformation of Seaside Resorts in Poland against the Background of the Evolving Nature of Tourism

Keywords

The Baltic Sea coast is one of the most attractive tourist areas in Poland and is visited by 4 million tourists a year. The coastal areas of Pomerania and West Pomerania have the highest sightseeing intensity indicators in Poland, far higher than the national average. The landscape, nature, and cultural value are suitable for recreation tourism, health resort, sightseeing, and sport s-based tourism. At present, "ocean and coastal sightseeing is one of the fastest growing areas in the world's largest industry" (2] (P. 601). The development of tourism and recreation function has a major impact on the transformation of the cultural and natural landscape of the coast. Since the coast is a special area sandwiched between land and the sea, it is sensitive to changes in urbanization and is susceptible to influence. In the era of industrial sightseeing, it was characterized by changing, commercialization, and commercialization, but in the era of pos t-industrial sightseeing, it is characterized by meaning, newness, and identity. Today, the 4A model of sightseeing (attraction, amenity, accommodation, access) is the mainstream. It is often observed that traditional sightseeing marked with "3S" symbols (sun, sea, sand) has been replaced by 3E sightseeing (entertainment, experience, education). In addition, according to the statistics of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC), both tourists and tourism revenues are steadily increasing. The coast of the Baltic Sea is one of the most attractive tourist areas in Poland and is visited by 4 million tourists annually. The coastal areas of Pomerania and West Pomerania have the highest sightseeing intensity indicators in Poland, far higher than the national average. The landscape, nature, and cultural value are suitable for recreation tourism, health resort, sightseeing, and sport s-based tourism. At present, "ocean and coastal sightseeing is one of the fastest growing areas in the world's largest industry" (2] (P. 601). The development of tourism and recreation function has a major impact on the transformation of the cultural and natural landscape of the coast. Since the coast is a special area sandwiched between land and the sea, it is sensitive to changes in urbanization and is susceptible to influence. In the era of industrial sightseeing, it was characterized by changing, commercialization, and commercialization, but in the era of pos t-industrial sightseeing, it is characterized by meaning, newness, and identity. Today, the 4A model of sightseeing (attraction, amenity, accommodation, access) is the mainstream. It is often observed that traditional sightseeing marked with "3S" symbols (sun, sea, sand) has been replaced by 3E sightseeing (entertainment, experience, education). In addition, according to the statistics of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC), both tourists and tourism revenues are steadily increasing. The Baltic Sea coast is one of the most attractive tourist areas in Poland and is visited by 4 million tourists a year. The coastal areas of Pomerania and West Pomerania have the highest sightseeing intensity indicators in Poland, far higher than the national average. The landscape, nature, and cultural value are suitable for recreation tourism, health resort, sightseeing, and sport s-based tourism. At present, "ocean and coastal sightseeing is one of the fastest growing areas in the world's largest industry" (2] (P. 601). The development of tourism and recreation function has a major impact on the transformation of the cultural and natural landscape of the coast. Since the coast is a special area sandwiched between land and the sea, it is sensitive to changes in urbanization and is susceptible to influence. In the era of industrial sightseeing, it was characterized by changing, commercialization, and commercialization, but in the era of pos t-industrial sightseeing, it is characterized by meaning, newness, and identity. Today, the 4A model of sightseeing (attraction, amenity, accommodation, access) is the mainstream. It is often observed that traditional sightseeing marked with "3S" symbols (sun, sea, sand) has been replaced by 3E sightseeing (entertainment, experience, education). In addition, according to the statistics of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC), both tourists and tourism revenues are steadily increasing.

1. Introduction and Past Studies on Tourism Development

1.1. Introduction

In areas where tourism has been popularized, there is an increasing westernization or "McDonaldization" of the landscape [6] and problems of authenticity arising from the commercialization of spaces [7], which can lead to the destruction of the landscape values that attracted tourists in the past [8]. Where tourism is problematic, "islands of affluence are built within the country, walled off and cut off from the rest of the population" [9] (p. 7). This is the so-called "tourist bubble effect", which creates a safe and familiar environment for tourists from rich societies [10] and exclusively planned spaces [11]. The intensive expansion of tourist functions means that hotels of famous chains with large catering, sports and recreational facilities become the basis for the development of seaside resorts. Seaside towns and cities therefore become increasingly similar. These changes are widespread and affect most touristic areas. A characteristic feature of the tourism and recreation changes taking place on the Polish coast is the emergence (especially in the 1960-1980s) of Workers' Holiday Fund holiday centers, characteristic of socialist countries, which formed certain enclaves of large facilities and camping houses. On the other hand, in recent years, there has been a clear expansion of tourism development to areas of natural value, sand dunes and coastal forests.

Thus, the changes in tourism and recreation are both global (trends observed in the world and Europe) and local (dynamic changes in tourism processes at the Polish sea and in post-communist countries). Understanding the evolutionary processes taking place on the coast is necessary to support the sustainable planning and development of the coast [12].

The current state of research on changes taking place under the influence of tourism development is illustrated by the tourist area life cycle model, which allows to identify the drivers of tourism development [13]. These are alternative frameworks for explaining trends and stages in the management and development of tourist destinations.

1.2. Past Studies

One of the author who first studied in this field was Gilbert [14], and he showed three stages (discovery, growth, decline) in the life cycle of tourist spots. In the developed general concepts, identification of spatial factors for tourism development [15, 16, 17], planning and management [18, 19, 20], and economic growth [21, 22]. There is a model for the purpose. Butler's sightseeing area life cycle [18] is a general model about the development of virtual tourist areas, one of the bes t-known and most quoted concepts. Due to its universality, TALC has been used in research in specific sightseeing spots [24, 25, 26, 27], and is also used as the basis and starting point of research on modified development concepts. However, according to CHOY [28], tourist areas should be analyzed on a cas e-b y-case basis based on its unique features. Therefore, it is necessary to develop concepts including nature, history, and regional resources in tourist areas.

Recognizing the specialty of tourist areas, there are few models that are strictly related to the coastline and the coastal town. In this context, the following models are considered to be exceptional: Liszewski's developmental development stage [29], development model for sailing sightseeing [30, 31], GORMSEN's coastal resort. Sightseeing development models specialized in [32], SMITH beach resort model [33]. One of the first authors who studied in this field was Gilbert [14], and he showed three stages (discover, growth, decline) in the life cycle of tourist spots. In the developed general concepts, identification of spatial factors for tourism development [15, 16, 17], planning and management [18, 19, 20], and economic growth [21, 22]. There is a model for the purpose. Butler's sightseeing area life cycle [18] is a general model about the development of virtual tourist areas, one of the bes t-known and most quoted concepts. Due to its universality, TALC has been used in research in specific sightseeing spots [24, 25, 26, 27], and is also used as the basis and starting point of research on modified development concepts. However, according to CHOY [28], tourist areas should be analyzed on a cas e-b y-case basis based on its unique features. Therefore, it is necessary to develop concepts including nature, history, and regional resources in tourist areas.

Recognizing the specialty of tourist areas, there are few models that are strictly related to the coastline and the coastal town. In this context, the following models are considered to be exceptional: Liszewski's developmental development stage [29], development model for sailing sightseeing [30, 31], GORMSEN's coastal resort. Sightseeing development models specialized in [32], SMITH beach resort model [33]. One of the author who first studied in this field was Gilbert [14], and he showed three stages (discovery, growth, decline) in the life cycle of tourist spots. In the developed general concepts, identification of spatial factors for tourism development [15, 16, 17], planning and management [18, 19, 20], and economic growth [21, 22]. There is a model for the purpose. Butler's sightseeing area life cycle [18] is a general model about the development of virtual tourist areas, one of the bes t-known and most quoted concepts. Due to its universality, TALC has been used in research in specific sightseeing spots [24, 25, 26, 27], and is also used as the basis and starting point of research on modified development concepts. However, according to CHOY [28], tourist areas should be analyzed on a cas e-b y-case basis based on its unique features. Therefore, it is necessary to develop concepts including nature, history, and regional resources in tourist areas.

Gomsen's model [32] was derived from historical research on the development of coastal tourism, and based on the following standards: accommodation facilities, local and no n-local participation levels, tourists, tourists. Social structure of. Based on these criteria, Gomasen identified four "Perferry" (regions): Perfere I (the Strait and the Baltic Sea Coast), Perfere II (Mediterranean Europe), Pelifer III (North African) , Valeaes and Canary Islands), Pelifer IV (West Africa, Caribbean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southeast Asian resort). Each area has passed the development stage. In the early stages, there are few tourists staying at the hotel, and external investors are operating. In the subsequent stages, accommodation facilities will become more diversified and local communities will be deeply involved. The beach resort model proposed by Smith [33] shows eight resorts (before sightseeing, second house, first hotel, resort establishment, business district establishment, inland hotel, transformation, city resort). These are distinguished by morphology, physical, environmental, economic and political features. Barrett's Beach Resort Model [34] is based on research on the seaside resorts of England and Wales. According to this concept, the resort develops from the core of the central business to inland, enters inland from the holiday shops and accommodations on the beach front, and a hotel is located in a prime location around the core facility. " It is said. Gomasen model [32] is derived from historical research on the development of coastal tourism, and based on the following standards: the nature of accommodation facilities, the local and no n-local participation levels in tourism development. , Social structure of tourists. Based on these criteria, Gomasen identified four "Perferry" (regions): Perfere I (the Strait and the Baltic Sea Coast), Perfere II (Mediterranean Europe), Pelifer III (North African) , Valeaes and Canary Islands), Pelifer IV (West Africa, Caribbean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southeast Asian resort). Each area has passed the development stage. In the early stages, there are few tourists staying at the hotel, and external investors are operating. In the subsequent stages, accommodation facilities will become more diversified and local communities will be deeply involved. The beach resort model proposed by Smith [33] shows eight resorts (before sightseeing, second house, first hotel, resort establishment, business district establishment, inland hotel, transformation, city resort). These are distinguished by morphology, physical, environmental, economic and political features. Barrett's Beach Resort Model [34] is based on research on the seaside resorts of England and Wales. According to this concept, the resort develops from the core of the central business to inland, enters inland from the holiday shops and accommodations on the beach front, and a hotel is located in a prime location around the core facility. " It is said. Gomsen's model [32] was derived from historical research on the development of coastal tourism, and based on the following standards: accommodation facilities, local and no n-local participation levels, tourists, tourists. Social structure of. Based on these criteria, Gomasen identified four "Perferry" (regions): Perfere I (the Strait and the Baltic Sea Coast), Perfere II (Mediterranean Europe), Pelifer III (North African) , Valeaes and Canary Islands), Pelifer IV (West Africa, Caribbean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southeast Asian resort). Each area has passed the development stage. In the early stages, there are few tourists staying at the hotel, and external investors are operating. In the subsequent stages, accommodation facilities will become more diversified and local communities will be deeply involved. The beach resort model proposed by Smith [33] shows eight resorts (before sightseeing, second house, first hotel, resort establishment, business district establishment, inland hotel, transformation, city resort). These are distinguished by morphology, physical, environmental, economic and political features. Barrett's Beach Resort Model [34] is based on research on the seaside resorts of England and Wales. According to this concept, the resort develops from the core of the central business to inland, enters inland from the holiday shops and accommodations on the beach front, and a hotel is located in a prime location around the core facility. " It is said.

1.3. Research Goals

Most of the tourism development models that have been created so far are common, emphasizing the role of location, planning, management, transportation, and economic development. Studies conducted mainly by geographists and economists have no direct mention of architecture or cultural landscape. In research on the development of coastal sightseeing, it is not enough to analyze the changes that are occurring in cultural landscapes and developments. There are few research on the spatial development of the Polish coast, and many are partial. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze tourism development in the context of the impact of the cultural landscape of Polish seaside resorts, taking into account both the specialty of the countries after communism and the supe r-regional trends.

Identifying the stage of transformation of the cultural landscape of the seaside resort is an alternative to the genera l-known tourism development model and contribute. A good understanding of the cultural landscape transformation process is the basis for sustainable coastal development.

The main purpose of this research is as follows:

Analyzing the impact of tourism development on the cultural landscape of the seaside resort along the Baltic coast of Poland;

2. Materials and Methods

Based on the transformation of recreational nature and form, identify a specific stage of the formation of spatial elements in seaside resorts and recreation architecture, and show the characteristic characteristics of architecture and landscape.

The research theme is interdisciplinary, related to architectural, urban planning, landscaping, and tourism geography.

The research process was conducted through their research as part of historical and interpretation methods as part of the historical and landscape research of selected seaside resorts: Ichigaku and iconography-interpretation of graphic expression (historical picture postcards, etc.), History-Old document survey (old documents, etc.), Secondary description (aerial photo), Observation-field survey and photo analysis,

Inquiry of project materials. Most of the tourism development models made so far are common, emphasizing the role of location, planning, management, transportation, and economic development. Studies conducted mainly by geographists and economists have no direct mention of architecture or cultural landscape. In research on the development of coastal sightseeing, it is not enough to analyze the changes that are occurring in cultural landscapes and developments. There are few research on the spatial development of the Polish coast, and many are partial. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze tourism development in the context of the impact of the cultural landscape of Polish seaside resorts, taking into account both the specialty of the countries after communism and the supe r-regional trends.

The main purpose of this research is as follows:

3. Results: Development of Tourism in the Context of Its Impact on the Architecture and Cultural Landscape of Seaside Resorts in Poland

Analyzing the impact of tourism development on the cultural landscape of the seaside resort along the Baltic coast of Poland;

3.1. From 19th Century to 1918

The research theme is interdisciplinary, related to architectural, urban planning, landscaping, and tourism geography.

The research process was conducted through their research as part of historical and interpretation methods as part of the historical and landscape research of selected seaside resorts:

Ichigaku and iconography-interpretation of graphic expression (historical picture postcards, etc.),

History-Old document survey (old documents, etc.),

Secondary description (aerial photo),

Observation-field survey and photo analysis,

Inquiry of project materials. Most of the tourism development models that have been created so far are common, emphasizing the role of location, planning, management, transportation, and economic development. Studies conducted mainly by geographists and economists have no direct mention of architecture or cultural landscape. In research on the development of coastal sightseeing, it is not enough to analyze the changes that are occurring in cultural landscapes and developments. There are few research on the spatial development of the Polish coast, and many are partial. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze tourism development in the context of the impact of the cultural landscape of Polish seaside resorts, taking into account both the specialty of the countries after communism and the supe r-regional trends.

The main purpose of this research is as follows:

3.2. The Interwar Period (1918–1939)

Analyzing the impact of tourism development on the cultural landscape of the seaside resort along the Baltic coast of Poland;

The research theme is interdisciplinary, related to architectural, urban planning, landscaping, and tourism geography.

The research process was conducted through their research as part of historical and interpretation methods as part of the historical and landscape research of selected seaside resorts:

Ichigaku and iconography-interpretation of graphic expression (historical picture postcards, etc.),

3.3. The Post-War Period (1945–1989)

History-Old document survey (old documents, etc.),

Secondary description (aerial photo),

Observation-field survey and photo analysis,

Inquiry of project materials.

The survey method is mainly a specific seaside, including historical interpretation research based on analysis of materials such as maps, imaging (photos and historical drawings), guidebooks and leaflets, city planning inventory, landscape analysis, and functional spatial analysis. It is a field survey of the resort. The materials used for the analysis include a coast development map, aerial photograph, and satellite photographs of 1:25, 000 scale from 1890. The materials are obtained mainly from the Communication Office, the Local Memorial Protection Bureau, the National Digital Library, and the archive website.

This article is the result of many years of research. This is a summary of the research and analysis of the history of tourism architecture. The author's consideration is introduced in order of age while presenting linear and historic conditions of geopolitical changes (national borders, coast lengths, national and cultural changes in the survey area). As a result, the characteristic stage of the development of tourism architecture was highlighted.

3.4. The Period after 1989

The survey area is currently 528 km from the West (Pomerania Bay, Schetinsky Waga) to the east (Gudanisk Bay, Visawa Watanagi) on the Baltic South Coast in Poland (Figure 1). Detailed analysis (commune and commune: świnoujście, międzyzdroje, kamień pomorski, dziwnów, Rewal, Kołobrzeg, Utronie Morskie Będzino, Mielno, SłAWNO, Darłowo, Postomino). The analysis is a seaside resort in Poland and the pr e-war Germany: The field survey was conducted by Schuinoujujuchier, Miezishdroe, and Kowbublzk. The time range of research is the period from the late 19th century (the time when the tourism industry began to develop in the analysis area) to the present. Survey methods include historical interpretations based on analysis of materials such as maps, images (photos and historical drawings), guidebooks and leaflet, city planning inventory, landscape analysis, and functional spatial analysis. This is a field survey of a specific seaside resort. The materials used for the analysis include a coast development map, aerial photograph, and satellite photographs of 1:25, 000 scale from 1890. The materials are obtained mainly from the Communication Office, the Local Memorial Protection Bureau, the National Digital Library, and the archive website.

The survey area is currently 528 km from the West (Pomerania Bay, Schetinsky Waga) to the east (Gudanisk Bay, Visawa Watanagi) on the Baltic South Coast in Poland (Figure 1). Detailed analysis (commune and commune: świnoujście, międzyzdroje, kamień pomorski, dziwnów, Rewal, Kołobrzeg, Utronie Morskie Będzino, Mielno, SłAWNO, Darłowo, Postomino). The analysis is a seaside resort in Poland and the pr e-war Germany: The field survey was conducted by Schuinoujujuchier, Miezishdroe, and Kowbublzk. The time range of research is the period from the late 19th century (the time when the tourism industry began to develop in the analysis area) to the present. The survey method is mainly a specific seaside, including historical interpretation research based on analysis of materials such as maps, imaging (photos and historical drawings), guidebooks and leaflets, city planning inventory, landscape analysis, and functional spatial analysis. It is a field survey of the resort. The materials used for the analysis include a coast development map, aerial photograph, and satellite photographs of 1:25, 000 scale from 1890. The materials are obtained mainly from the Communication Office, the Local Memorial Protection Bureau, the National Digital Library, and the archive website.

4. Discussion—Stages of Transformation of the Cultural Landscape of Coastal Towns in Poland

Social and economic transformation, related to the growing wealth of society and the development of transportation, occurred in the 19th century, especially in Europe. Such changes have provided conditions that are not only in Poland but also in other countries in Europe. However, the process was performed in Poland's territory in a slightly different way than other European countries, and historically related to political division, border change, the influence of neighboring countries, and social events.

In general, sightseeing resorts along the coast were built in former fishing villages and small port towns. The idea of creating the first recreational area in Pomerania was born in the German aristocrat, in parallel with the growing popularity of sea bathing in the UK. The oldest is the British Scarbowl [36] founded in 1720 and Brighton, which was established in 1780. In 1793, High Ligendam, Mecremburg, Germany, was established as the first seaside resort on the European continent. The firs t-known recreation area on the Baltic Sea coast, such as high ligendam and Putobus, was established in the territory. However, in the early 19th century, small beaches, such as Voltenhagen and Misudroy, were born in the Pomerania region, using local buildings as accommodations. Therefore, in the Baltic Sea of Pomerania, recreational culture has been formed since the first half of the 19th century. In 1802, a beach was opened in Breguno and a beach was opened in Sopoto in 1823. In 1813, Pawonga (Lithuanian: Palanga) began to function as a beach.

The coastal sightseeing in the southern part of the Baltic Sea developed when the land of the Polish Republic was annexed (Figure 2).

German resorts, such as Sopoto (Zoppot), Schwinoujujuchier (Schwinemunde), and Corbersk (Colberg), have developed on the merged land of Prussia. Part of the coast was annexed to Russia with Poland's first seaside resort Powunga. At the end of the 19th century, the Polish people stayed mainly in two resorts: Sopoto was visited by the residents of the Prussian division of division, and Powanga visited the Russia's former Polish kingdom of the former Polish kingdom. Social and economic transformation related to the growth of society and the development of transportation occurred in the 19th century, especially in Europe. Such changes have provided conditions that are not only in Poland but also in other countries in Europe. However, the process was performed in Poland's territory in a slightly different way than other European countries, and historically related to political division, border change, the influence of neighboring countries, and social events.

The coastal sightseeing in the southern part of the Baltic Sea developed when the land of the Polish Republic was annexed (Figure 2).

German resorts, such as Sopoto (Zoppot), Schwinoujujuchier (Schwinemunde), and Kouwabuzk (Colberg), have developed on the merged land of Prussia. Part of the coast was annexed to Russia with Poland's first seaside resort Powunga. At the end of the 19th century, the Polish people stayed mainly in two resorts: Sopoto was visited by the residents of the Prussian division of division, and Powanga visited the Russia's former Polish kingdom of the former Polish kingdom. Social and economic transformation, related to the growing wealth of society and the development of transportation, occurred in the 19th century, especially in Europe. Such changes have provided conditions that are not only in Poland but also in other countries in Europe. However, the process was performed in Poland's territory in a slightly different way than other European countries, and historically related to political division, border change, the influence of neighboring countries, and social events.

The coastal sightseeing in the southern part of the Baltic Sea developed when the land of the Polish Republic was annexed (Figure 2).

5. Conclusions

The beginning of the development that emphasizes the treatment function dates back to the early 19th century, but most of the western and central pomerania seaside resorts were developed only during the period. This is the result of existing villages and villages evolved into s o-called summer resorts, climate stations, and resorts (various forms and scale of holidays). Some of them have finally gained their position as a recreation area (Table 1). For example, Schwinuschichier, which had been functioning as an important port town in the 18th century, became a resort in the 1820s, and later founded saline and mud deposits, and became a recreation area. In the 17th century, the Coulobble Jegg, a fortress city, developed similarly, transformed into a resort and recreation area in the 19th century.

The evolution of recreation on the seaside has a significant impact on the development of railway, as well as the unonovinable natural value (wide sandy beaches, dunes, forests, the high content of iodine and ozone, salt and therapeutic mud deposits). (Table 1). The opening of a railway connecting seaside resorts and large cities has always led to improvement of access, treatment functions and the development of the whole town.

At the end of the 19th century, thanks to the convenient railway connection, the most important recreational area, Schwinui Shet and Kouwbrizku. Before the war, thanks to a good railway connection with Berlin, Schwinuschichi had visited 20, 000 to 50, 000 patients and customers every year. The construction of railway routes also promoted the growth of small recreational areas. With the opening of a railway to Ushtka in 1878, the number of tourists visiting this small village every year increased to thousands. In the mi d-19th century, the number of patients visiting the beaches in Sopoto in summer reached 800 to 1200 per year. The construction of railway routes contributed to the increase in the number of holidays arriving in Sopoto, reaching 12, 500 in 1900. The beginning of the development that emphasizes the treatment function dates back in the early 19th century, but most of the western and Chubu Pomeranian seaside resorts were developed only during the period. This is the result of existing villages and villages evolved into s o-called summer resorts, climate stations, and resorts (various forms and scale of holidays). Some of them have finally gained their position as a recreation area (Table 1). For example, Schwinuschichier, which had been functioning as an important port town in the 18th century, became a resort in the 1820s, and later founded saline and mud deposits, and became a recreation area. In the 17th century, the Coulobble Jegg, a fortress city, developed similarly, transformed into a resort and recreation area in the 19th century.

The evolution of recreation on the seaside has a significant impact on the development of railway, as well as the unonovinable natural value (wide sandy beaches, dunes, forests, the high content of iodine and ozone, salt and therapeutic mud deposits). (Table 1). The opening of a railway connecting seaside resorts and large cities has always led to improving access, treatment functions and the development of the whole town.

Supplementary Materials

At the end of the 19th century, thanks to the convenient railway connection, the most important recreational area, Schwinui Shet and Kouwbrizku. Before the war, thanks to a good railway connection with Berlin, Schwinuschichi had visited 20, 000 to 50, 000 patients and customers every year. The construction of railway routes also promoted the growth of small recreational areas. With the opening of a railway to Ushtka in 1878, the number of tourists visiting this small village every year increased to thousands. In the mi d-19th century, the number of patients visiting the beaches in Sopoto in summer reached 800 to 1200 per year. The construction of railway routes contributed to the increase in the number of holidays arriving in Sopoto, reaching 12, 500 in 1900. The beginning of the development that emphasizes the treatment function dates back to the early 19th century, but most of the western and central pomerania seaside resorts were developed only during the period. This is the result of existing villages and villages evolved into s o-called summer resorts, climate stations, and resorts (various forms and scale of holidays). Some of them have finally gained their position as a recreation area (Table 1). For example, Schwinuschichier, which had been functioning as an important port town in the 18th century, became a resort in the 1820s, and later founded saline and mud deposits, and became a recreation area. In the 17th century, the Coulobble Jegg, a fortress city, developed similarly, transformed into a resort and recreation area in the 19th century.

Author Contributions

The evolution of recreation on the seaside has a significant impact on the development of railway, as well as the inseparable natural value (wide sandy beaches, dunes, forests, a large amount of iodine and ozone, salt and therapeutic mud deposits). (Table 1). The opening of a railway connecting seaside resorts and large cities has always led to improvement of access, treatment functions and the development of the whole town.

Funding

At the end of the 19th century, thanks to the convenient railway connection, the most important recreational area, Schwinui Shet and Kouwbrizku. Before the war, a good railway connection with Berlin had visited Schwinuschier every year to 20, 000 to 50, 000 patients and customers. The construction of railway routes also promoted the growth of small recreational areas. With the opening of a railway to Ushtka in 1878, the number of tourists visiting this small village every year increased to thousands. In the mi d-19th century, the number of patients visiting the beaches in Sopoto in summer reached 800 to 1200 per year. The construction of railway routes contributed to the increase in the number of holidays arriving in Sopoto, reaching 12, 500 in 1900.

Conflicts of Interest

Initially, the architecture of seaside health resorts was modelled on British examples, but over time it developed into its own architectural style.[37] As a rule, seaside resorts from the beginning of the 19th century had more sanatorium-like features than bathing resorts, such as hotels typical of sanatoriums. This was due to the nature of seaside recreation at the time, which was aimed at improving health, with bathing in the sea for therapeutic rather than recreational purposes. The first form of sea bathing was a wooden beach wagon with a special hood to protect the bather and a special room, where they waited to bathe and were given seawater as a therapeutic drink.[37] Very few people could swim. Therefore, sea bathing was cautious and short. It was only in the 1920s and 1930s, riding the wave of socio-cultural changes and a more modern leisure culture, that suntanning became common. In the 19th century, fair skin was still associated with high social status. Until the end of the First World War, men and women bathed separately, which had a significant impact on the management and functioning of beaches (Figure 3). For example, in Świnouście and Kołobriceg there were three beaches: one for men, one for women and one for families, while in Ustronie Morskie (German: Henkenhagen) men and women had different bathing times.

References

In the 19th century, due to the nature of travel, it was mainly the aristocracy and other members of high society who "went to the sea" and "met there", which increased the exclusivity of seaside recreation. Emperor Nicholas, Emperor Frederick William II, Emperor Franz Joseph I and other aristocrats visited Świnouście. Other resorts, such as Sopot and Kołobriceg, attracted mainly doctors, lawyers and civil servants. Both the Polish aristocracy and artists rested in Powąga. Initially, the architecture of seaside health resorts was modelled on British examples, but over time it developed into its own architectural style.[37] As a rule, seaside resorts from the beginning of the 19th century had more sanatorium-like features than bathing resorts, such as hotels typical of sanatoriums. This was due to the nature of seaside recreation at the time, which was aimed at improving health, with bathing in the sea for therapeutic rather than recreational purposes. The first form of sea bathing was a wooden beach wagon with a special hood to protect the bather and a special room, where they waited to bathe and were given sea water as a therapeutic drink.[37] Very few people could swim. Therefore, sea enjoyment was cautious and short. It was only in the 1920s and 1930s, riding the wave of socio-cultural changes and a more modern leisure culture, that suntanning became common. In the 19th century, fair skin was still associated with high social status. Until the end of the First World War, men and women bathed separately, which had a significant impact on the management and functioning of beaches (Figure 3). For example, in Świnouście and Kołobriceg there were three beaches: one for men, one for women and one for families, while in Ustronie Morskie (German: Henkenhagen) men and women had different bathing times.
In the 19th century, due to the nature of travel, it was mainly the aristocracy and other members of high society who "went to the sea" and "met there", which increased the exclusivity of seaside recreation. Emperor Nicholas, Emperor Frederick William II, Emperor Franz Joseph I and other aristocrats visited Świnouście. Other resorts, such as Sopot and Kołobriceg, attracted mainly doctors, lawyers and civil servants. Both the Polish aristocracy and artists rested in Powąga. Initially, the architecture of seaside health resorts was modelled on British examples, but over time it developed into its own architectural style.[37] As a rule, seaside resorts from the beginning of the 19th century had more sanatorium-like features than bathing resorts, such as hotels typical of sanatoriums. This was due to the nature of seaside recreation at the time, which was aimed at improving health, with bathing in the sea for therapeutic rather than recreational purposes. The first form of sea bathing was a wooden beach wagon with a special hood to protect the bather and a special room, where they waited to bathe and were given seawater as a therapeutic drink.[37] Very few people could swim. Therefore, sea bathing was cautious and short. It was only in the 1920s and 1930s, riding the wave of socio-cultural changes and a more modern leisure culture, that suntanning became common. In the 19th century, fair skin was still associated with high social status. Until the end of the First World War, men and women bathed separately, which had a significant impact on the management and functioning of beaches (Figure 3). For example, in Świnouście and Kołobriceg there were three beaches: one for men, one for women and one for families, while in Ustronie Morskie (German: Henkenhagen) men and women had different bathing times.
In the 19th century, due to the nature of travel, it was mainly the aristocracy and other members of high society who "went to the sea" and "met there", which increased the exclusivity of seaside recreation. Emperor Nicholas, Emperor Frederick William II, Emperor Franz Joseph I and other aristocrats visited Świnouście. Other resorts, such as Sopot and Kołobriceg, attracted mainly doctors, lawyers and civil servants. Both the Polish aristocracy and artists rested in Powąga.
The seaside resort was given an environment in line with the guest's lifestyle. In the 19th century, the wealthy elites took a rest on the seaside, and usually stayed with the whole family and the servants, staying for several months. The 19th century seaside resort had to borrow a whole villa. With the inflow of patients, new villas and guest houses have been built, and places that meet the need for entertainment and rest, such as many cafes, restaurants, and casinos, have been built. Public Space played an important role in resort functions, dominated the private zone, and became a kind of elite reception (Figure 4). The most important factor in the resort arrangement was the promenade that runs parallel to the coastline, playing a central role in public spaces. When forming a public space, the pattern was adopted from the inland recreational area. The most important and most representative buildings of the resort were Spa House and the impressive beach palace. The health resort on the seaside has also developed a special method to manage the seaside space, introduced a characteristic U-shaped wooden structure bathing facility, and the formation of a specially separated changing room and pier system. It was. Other facilities include pier, concert shells, and architectural forms (Winter Garden, Conservatory, Conservatory, Veranda and Loggia buildings). The seaside resort has been given an environment in line with the guest's lifestyle. In the 19th century, the wealthy elites took a rest on the seaside, and usually stayed with the whole family and the servants, staying for several months. The 19th century seaside resort had to borrow a whole villa. With the inflow of patients, new villas and guest houses have been built, and places that meet the need for entertainment and rest, such as many cafes, restaurants, and casinos, have been built. Public Space played an important role in resort functions, dominated the private zone, and became a kind of elite reception (Figure 4). The most important factor in the resort arrangement was the promenade that runs parallel to the coastline, playing a central role in public spaces. When forming a public space, the pattern was adopted from the inland recreational area. The most important and most representative buildings of the resort were Spa House and the impressive beach palace. The health resort on the seaside has also developed a special method to manage the seaside space, introduced a characteristic U-shaped wooden structure bathing facility, and the formation of a specially separated changing room and pier system. It was. Other facilities include pier, concert shells, and architectural forms (Winter Garden, Conservatory, Conservatory, Veranda and Loggia buildings). The seaside resort was given an environment in line with the guest's lifestyle. In the 19th century, the wealthy elites took a rest on the seaside, and usually stayed with the whole family and the servants, staying for several months. The 19th century seaside resort had to borrow a whole villa. With the inflow of patients, new villas and guest houses have been built, and places that meet the need for entertainment and rest, such as many cafes, restaurants, and casinos, have been built. Public Space played an important role in resort functions, dominated the private zone, and became a kind of elite reception (Figure 4). The most important factor in the resort arrangement was the promenade that runs parallel to the coastline, playing a central role in public spaces. When forming a public space, the pattern was adopted from the inland recreational area. The most important and most representative buildings of the resort were Spa House and the impressive beach palace. The health resort on the seaside has also developed a special method to manage the seaside space, introduced a characteristic U-shaped wooden structure bathing facility, and the formation of a specially separated changing room and pier system. It was. Other facilities include pier, concert shells, and architectural forms (Winter Garden, Conservatory, Conservatory, Veranda and Loggia buildings).
As an example, Powąga, the only health resort founded by the Polish nobleman Tyszkiewicz, functioned as a balneological station in 1813. At that time, a park complex (designed by Édouard André) with ponds, grottoes and a rose garden was available for patients on an area of more than 80 hectares. In 1886, a spa house was built by the Berlin architect Franz Heinrich Schwechten, and in 1908 a summer theater with a capacity of 600 spectators was built, with bathing facilities and wooden beach changing rooms available for rent. In Świništie, a spa park was founded in 1827, designed by Piotr-Józef Renne. The first baths in the spa park were built in the 19th century, and seawater was transported in barrels. A promenade was also built along the sea, leading to the most important baths in the spa park, which formed a group of seaside baths. Between 1899 and 1913, about 300 new houses were built, mainly in the current seaside district [40] (Documents, maps and photo collection on the history of the city of Świništie and the West Pomeranian coast). A stay at the seaside in such a unique place was considered food for the soul and body, an experience of comfort, luxury, aesthetics, various forms of art and intellectual development.
The beginnings of mass tourism date back to the first half of the 19th century, but it was during the interwar period (1918-1939) that seaside recreation became fashionable for many people. The popularization of tourism during this period made trips to seaside resorts a demand not only of the aristocracy, but also of the lower classes.
After the First World War, when Poland regained its independence in 1918 (after 146 years of bondage), Poland also gained access to the Baltic Sea through the Bay of Gdańsk, the Bay of Puck and the Hel Peninsula, the skeleton of the Pomeranian Autonomous Oblast. As a result of post-war transformations and geopolitical divisions, the new Poland was given a 140 km coastline, a "window to the world" (Fig. 5a, b). Poles tried to make the most of this new treasure, both economically and in terms of tourism. Due to a strong sense of nationhood, seaside recreation acquired a national character. It was considered an obligation for almost every Pole and an expression of patriotism.
The coastline of Poland was only a part of the Pomeranian coast, but was invested 30 times more than a land border per kilometer [41] (p. 8). For many towns, tourism functions have become dominant. The basis of future development was the seaside road, constructed in 1921, following Halero Wow to Calvia. The coastline and its development were particularly important for the authorities, so the coastal development agency was established in 1931, which developed the coastline, created individual regional planning, and evaluated land portraits. A comprehensive development plan was formulated, a new seaside town was built, and the existing town was expanded. Still, the social category of the patient remained clear. Sopoto, Jurata, and Yastarnia were particularly popular among artists and nobles. People who want cheaper vacations went to fishing villages and suburban swimsuit resorts, such as Breguno, Jeritokovo, Denbuki, Calvia, Calviensky Bwato, Bol, Chapie, Chawapowo, and others. Holiday Resort was different in terms of accommodation classes and prices [43, 44, 45, 46, 47]. Polish coastline was 30 times more invested per kilometer on the coastline, despite only a few pomerania coasts. [41] (P. 8). For many towns, tourism functions have become dominant. The basis of future development was the seaside road, constructed in 1921, following Halero Wow to Calvia. The coastline and its development were particularly important for the authorities, so the coastal development agency was established in 1931, which developed the coastline, created individual regional planning, and evaluated land portraits. A comprehensive development plan was formulated, a new seaside town was built, and the existing town was expanded. Still, the social category of the patient remained clear. Sopoto, Jurata, and Yastarnia were particularly popular among artists and nobles. People who want cheaper vacations went to fishing villages and suburban swimsuit resorts, such as Breguno, Jeritokovo, Denbuki, Calvia, Calviensky Bwato, Bol, Chapie, Chawapowo, and others. Holiday Resort was different in terms of accommodation classes and prices [43, 44, 45, 46, 47]. The coastline of Poland was only a part of the Pomeranian coast, but was invested 30 times more than a land border per kilometer [41] (p. 8). For many towns, tourism functions have become dominant. The basis of future development was the seaside road, constructed in 1921, following Halero Wow to Calvia. The coastline and its development were particularly important for the authorities, so the coastal development agency was established in 1931, which developed the coastline, created individual regional planning, and evaluated land portraits. A comprehensive development plan was formulated, a new seaside town was built, and the existing town was expanded. Still, the social category of the patient remained clear. Sopoto, Jurata, and Yastarnia were particularly popular among artists and nobles. People who want cheaper vacations went to fishing villages and suburban swimsuit resorts, such as Breguno, Jeritokovo, Denbuki, Calvia, Calviensky Bwato, Bol, Chapie, Chawapowo, and others. Holiday Resort was different in terms of accommodation classes and prices [43, 44, 45, 46, 47].
During the 1920s and 1930s, the coastline was expanded to include new sites. Entirely new resorts and summer resorts were built in previously undeveloped coastal areas, such as Wielka Wiesz Hallerowo (Władysławo), Żurata and Jastrzebia Gora. One of the most important developments was in Gdynia, where a bathing beach (1920), the Polska Riviera Hotel (1922–1925), the Wooden Baths (1925) and the Spa House (1929) were built.[45, 47, 48] Developed on undeveloped land and designed as a European resort, Żurata opened its first summer season in 1931. Jurata, a villa area with typical wooden one-storey houses, had custom-designed villas, the Lido Hotel (1932-1933) and the Café Cassino with a dance hall on the seafront (1935). These buildings symbolized the modern, avant-garde trend of modern architecture. In the 1920s, Jastrzebia Gora was developed after the land purchased by engineer Jerzy Osmowski was divided into plots and gradually built up. In 1921-1922 the first residence "Kaszubka" was built. The Baltic Spa House (1930) with a seawater pool was built, and subsequent villas, guest houses and small summer houses were also designed repeatedly. The newly developed residential area called Jasne Wibře was built with the villas of Marshal Piłsudski, President Ignacy Moszczycki and various members of the government. Several modernist spa villas were also built at that time.
Originally, for the first few years of the war, the Polish seaside architecture took over the 19th century and local architecture. It was desired that the format was not an German style or an existing style, but an indigenous one. The connection with the Swiss style in the 19t h-century German resort and Prussia's hal f-timber architecture has been cut off. For this reason, most of the summer villas built in the 1920s were in the manner style, contributing to the desire to inherit the local architectural style and develop a unique national style. This trend settled over time, and for the next few years, the new building remained in a modernism style. In the 1930s, health recreation has progressed, and the development based on the style of the ship, such as the French Riviera, the window imitating a window, and the upper structure imitating the captain's bridge.
After World War II, Poland had a coastline of 770 km or more and a 440 km border line (Figure 7a, B).
In this belt zone, a seaside resort with various origin and cultural traditions of Germany and Polish was developed. Until then, in the German territory (Pommeln, East Prussia, Gudanisk, etc.), the structure of recreation and recreation spas, such as Schwino Juchier, Kowbulzku, and Weba, was completely formed.
However, in Poland, shortly after the war, sightseeing and recreation collapsed. Due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure, the authorities focused on rebuilding the country from postwar destruction and introducing new social politics. In a new area, evacuees lived, and in many cases, people who were unrelated to the seaside economy. Originally, for the first few years of the war, the Polish seaside local architecture took over the tradition of the 19th century and local architecture. It was desired that the format was not an German style or an existing style, but an indigenous one. The connection with the Swiss style in the 19t h-century German resort and Prussia's hal f-timber architecture has been cut off. For this reason, most of the summer villas built in the 1920s were in the manner style, contributing to the desire to inherit the local architectural style and develop a unique national style. This trend settled over time, and for the next few years, the new building remained in a modernism style. In the 1930s, health recreation has progressed, and the development based on the style of the ship, such as the French Riviera, the window imitating a window, and the upper structure imitating the captain's bridge.
After World War II, Poland had a coastline of 770 km or more and a 440 km border line (Figure 7a, B).
In this belt zone, a seaside resort with various origin and cultural traditions of Germany and Polish was developed. Until then, in the German territory (Pommeln, East Prussia, Gudanisk, etc.), the structure of recreation and recreation spas, such as Schwino Juchier, Kowbulzku, and Weba, was completely formed.
However, in Poland, shortly after the war, sightseeing and recreation collapsed. Due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure, the authorities focused on rebuilding the country from postwar destruction and introducing new social politics. In a new area, evacuees lived, and in many cases, people who were unrelated to the seaside economy. Originally, for the first few years of the war, the Polish seaside architecture took over the 19th century and local architecture. It was desired that the format was not an German style or an existing style, but an indigenous one. The connection with the Swiss style in the 19t h-century German resort and Prussia's hal f-timber architecture has been cut off. For this reason, most of the summer villas built in the 1920s were in the manner style, contributing to the desire to inherit the local architectural style and develop a unique national style. This trend settled over time, and for the next few years, the new building remained in a modernism style. In the 1930s, health recreation has progressed, and the development based on the style of the ship, such as the French Riviera, the window imitating a window, and the upper structure imitating the captain's bridge.
After World War II, Poland had a coastline of 770 km or more and a 440 km border line (Figure 7a, B).
In this belt zone, a seaside resort with various origin and cultural traditions of Germany and Polish was developed. Until then, in the German territory (Pommeln, East Prussia, Gudanisk, etc.), the structure of recreation and recreation spas, such as Schwino Juchier, Kowbulzku, and Weba, was completely formed.
However, in Poland, shortly after the war, sightseeing and recreation collapsed. Due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure, the authorities focused on rebuilding the country from postwar destruction and introducing new social politics. In a new area, evacuees lived, and in many cases, people who were unrelated to the seaside economy.
However, in the mi d-1950s, the construction of a new resort began, and national propaganda began to see sightseeing as its tools. According to the 1952 constitution, the Polish citizens were guaranteed the right to rest, including annual holidays and "package recreation", and all of them were guaranteed by the state. In 1945, the Workers' League Bureau was already set up, and in 1949 it became a working leave fund, and became a role in organizing a vacation in Poland as an example of a solution provided by the Soviet Union. Regular trips and groups of free time are a collective way of spending time, linking leisure and cultural life and playing an educational role, forming a desirable social attitude, ensuring equality, and social. It was intended to uniform the difference. But this was a pretend. The highest position in the Polish People's Republic was resting far from the general public. A closed vacation center was established for the Polish Workers' Unified Party Central Committee (PUWP), the Secretariat of the Ministerial Council, and the party executives. Such seaside centers existed in Sopoto, Jurata, and Mie Doroge. Factories and offices, which are extremely important for the economy, have received subsidies to build new recreation sites in attractive coastal areas. Others took a rest at more flexible facilities and campsites. However, in the mi d-1950s, a new resort began to build a new resort, and national propaganda began to see sightseeing as its tools. According to the 1952 constitution, the Polish citizens were guaranteed the right to rest, including annual holidays and "package recreation", and all of them were guaranteed by the state. In 1945, the Workers' League Bureau was already set up, and in 1949 it became a working leave fund, and became a role in organizing a vacation in Poland as an example of a solution provided by the Soviet Union. Regular trips and groups of free time are a collective way of spending time, linking leisure and cultural life and playing an educational role, forming a desirable social attitude, ensuring equality, and social. It was intended to uniform the difference. But this was a pretend. The highest position in the Polish People's Republic was resting far from the general public. A closed vacation center was established for the Polish Workers' Unified Party Central Committee (PUWP), the Secretariat of the Ministerial Council, and the party executives. Such seaside centers existed in Sopoto, Jurata, and Mie Doroge. Factories and offices, which are extremely important for the economy, have received subsidies to build new recreation sites in attractive coastal areas. Others took a rest at more flexible facilities and campsites. However, in the mi d-1950s, the construction of a new resort began, and national propaganda began to see sightseeing as its tools. According to the 1952 constitution, the Polish citizens were guaranteed the right to rest, including annual holidays and "package recreation", and all of them were guaranteed by the state. In 1945, the Workers' League Bureau was already set up, and in 1949 it became a working leave fund, and became a role in organizing a vacation in Poland as an example of a solution provided by the Soviet Union. Regular trips and groups of free time are a collective way of spending time, linking leisure and cultural life and playing an educational role, forming a desirable social attitude, ensuring equality, and social. It was intended to uniform the difference. But this was a pretend. The highest position in the Polish People's Republic was resting far from the general public. A closed vacation center was established for the Polish Workers' Unified Party Central Committee (PUWP), the Secretariat of the Ministerial Council, and the party executives. Such seaside centers existed in Sopoto, Jurata, and Mie Doroge. Factories and offices, which are extremely important for the economy, have received subsidies to build new recreation sites in attractive coastal areas. Others took a rest at more flexible facilities and campsites.
The architecture of the hostels became typified and standardized, with pavilion- and terraced-style apartment buildings dominating in Dźwirzyno, Międzyzdroje and Dziwnów. However, there was also a considerable amount of well-designed custom-built buildings that recognized the situational context. The hotels and recreation centers built at that time were interesting and often futuristic examples of modernist architecture. Light construction and large glass buildings were created, making use of dynamic shapes and forms. Examples of this form can be seen in the buildings of the "Balto" and "Kormoran" recreation centers in Kołobliceg (Fig. 8a). The façades of the Skarpol hotel and naturopathic center were covered with mosaics, characteristic of the architecture of the 1960s and 1970s. In Jelitkovo, a craft and recreation center was established (Fig. 8b), and in Jastrzebia Gora, the "Gwarek" and "Thorez" recreation centers were established. The dominant modes of rest (organized, collective, prescribed) contributed to the emergence of large resorts and influenced both the "proletarian" availability of resorts and their economic success (the implementation of social packages ensured full occupancy during the season). For seaside resorts, the post-war period marked the beginning of a journey towards egalitarianism and pluralism, which began to be clearly visible in the seaside resort landscape.
Since 1989, socio-economic changes have taken place, which have had a direct impact on the functioning of tourism and the spatial development of seaside resorts. The commercialization of tourist services coincided with a decrease in the real income of society, an increase in the prices of services, and enterprises and workplaces that limited the joint investment of tourist trips from social funds. For this reason, package tourism retreated and was replaced by individual tourism and vacation travel, typical of a free market economy.
Many workplace holiday centres (mostly belonging to the WHF) were closed. According to GUS data, in 1990 there were 4, 200 health resorts in Poland. Ten years later, the number was halved, and in 2010 there were only about 1, 000 [50] (GUS, 2010). Instead, private accommodation, guesthouses and hotels became the basis for the population's rest. Large centres, which were previously part of state-owned enterprises, had to find a way to continue operating. Some of them were privatised, thoroughly renovated and adapted to new recreational standards (Figure 9). Examples are Hotel Stary Żyńów, Porta Mare Wellness and Spa Suites in Dźwirzyk. Others, such as the Cristal Wellness Centre in Dźwirzyno, were demolished to make use of their valuable locations for new investments. The remaining establishments operated as less prestigious holiday centres, exploiting as much as possible, until the end of the 1990s. Since the beginning of the 21st century, a very intensive development of coastal development has been observed, with clear trends of architectural uniformity, construction closer to the coastline, and building density (Fig. 10a, b). In general, high-standard large hotel complexes with extensive recreational and catering facilities are being built, most of which are located on the first line, close to the coast. An example of this is the Baltic Park complex in Świništie, which consists of 12 buildings formed to encroach on the waterfront. In 2017, the 5-star Radisson Blu Resort and Hilton Świnoujście Resort & Spa were completed on the Świnoujście promenade. The volume and height of the buildings overwhelm the surrounding land development. Rising above the forest line, they are the only structures visible from the beach. In 2020, the 10-storey hotel "Gołębiewski Hotel" will be completed in Pobiewo.
Such high-standard large hotel facilities often offer not only food and accommodation, but also a wealth of entertainment and recreation, creating the so-called "tourist bubble" effect. There are also increasing cases of landowners investing in so-called "second homes", a phenomenon that affects the landscape and life of seaside resorts. In 2021, five 11-storey Wave apartments will be built in Miedzydloe. The residential function of the development will be complemented by recreational, sports, shopping and service functions. The use of apartments by wealthy social groups who can invest in real estate that spends most of the year uninhabited has a new peculiarity.
The development of tourism in seaside towns has a significant impact on their spatial development [51, 52], land and landscape [53, 54, 55]. The cubic volume and physiognomy of residential buildings have changed [56], foreign-style architectural forms often appear [35], leading to the transformation of spatial-cultural coexistence [57]. The landscape and the shape of seaside towns have changed from the early resorts, and it is visible and inevitable. This is due to the change in tourism, influenced by social, demographic, economic and political factors [59].
Many authors[33, 60, 61] suggest that resort development passes through a predictable series of stages, moving from the discovery stage to full tourist development. In Poland, tourism development is often divided into five basic periods: 1st - progenitor (early history), 2nd - founding or discovery (19th and early 20th centuries), 3rd - flourishing (interwar period (1918-1939)), 4th - the era of People's Poland associated with the development of mass tourism and social tourism (1945-1989), 5th - the creation of a free tourist market, tourist economy and mass commercial tourism, beginning after the 1989 political upheaval[62, 63, 64]. This division is quite general and based only on important events in Polish history and has no direct connection with architectural changes. On the other hand, researchers of architectural history usually identify stages of architectural development and indicate characteristic features of buildings, but do not combine them with the peculiarities of seaside resort development.[65, 66] Polish architectural and urban planning historians focus on political conditions, without mentioning the peculiarities of seaside tourist architecture.[67, 68, 69] The division of seaside resorts into development stages proposed below combines two perspectives: architectural and urban planning history and tourism development.
In most Polish seaside towns, the tourist function started in the second half of the 19th century and further developed during the interwar period. The analysis of the transitions allowed us to identify four basic stages of cultural landscape transformation and architectural transformation:
First stage: formation - elite resort (main characteristics: elite tourism, first buildings associated with recreational and therapeutic functions, public spaces as an important component, architecture adapted to elite expectations) (Supplementary material available online: Supplementary material S1 - Stage I: elite resort - architecture and landscape);
Second stage: regionalism - national resort (main characteristics: generalization of tourism, intensive development of therapeutic ideas, mature forms of seaside resorts, search for national style) (Supplementary material available online: Supplementary material S2 - Stage II: national resort - architecture and landscape);
Many authors [33, 60, 61] suggest that resort development passes through a predictable series of stages, moving from the discovery stage to full tourist development. In Poland, tourism development is often divided into five basic periods: 1st - precursor (early history), 2nd - founding or discovery (19th and early 20th centuries), 3rd - flourishing (interwar period (1918-1939)), 4th - the era of People's Poland associated with the development of mass and social tourism (1945-1989), 5th - the creation of a free tourist market, tourist economy and mass commercial tourism, beginning after the 1989 political upheaval [62, 63, 64]. This division is quite general and is based only on significant events in the history of Poland and has no direct connection with architectural changes. On the other hand, researchers of architectural history usually identify stages of architectural development and indicate characteristic features of buildings, but do not combine them with the peculiarities of the development of seaside resorts [65, 66]. Polish architectural and urban planning historians focus on political conditions without mentioning the specifics of seaside tourist architecture.[67, 68, 69] The division of seaside resorts into development stages proposed below combines two perspectives: architectural and urban planning history and tourism development.
In most Polish seaside towns, the tourist function was launched in the second half of the 19th century and further developed during the interwar period. The analysis of the transitions allowed us to identify four basic stages of cultural landscape transformation and architectural transformation:
First stage: formation - elite resort (main characteristics: elite tourism, first buildings associated with recreational and therapeutic functions, public spaces as an important component, architecture adapted to elite expectations) (Supplementary material available online: Supplementary material S1 - Stage I: elite resort - architecture and landscape);
Second stage: regionalism - national resort (main characteristics: generalization of tourism, intensive development of therapeutic ideas, mature forms of seaside resorts, search for national style) (Supplementary material available online: Supplementary material S2 - Stage II: national resort - architecture and landscape);
Many authors [33, 60, 61] suggest that resort development passes through a predictable series of stages, moving from the discovery stage to full tourist development. In Poland, tourism development is often divided into five basic periods: 1st - precursor (early history), 2nd - founding or discovery (19th and early 20th centuries), 3rd - flourishing (interwar period (1918-1939)), 4th - the era of People's Poland associated with the development of mass and social tourism (1945-1989), 5th - the creation of a free tourist market, tourist economy and mass commercial tourism, beginning after the 1989 political upheaval [62, 63, 64]. This division is quite general and is based only on significant events in the history of Poland, and is not directly related to architectural changes. On the other hand, researchers of architectural history usually identify stages of architectural development and indicate characteristic features of buildings, but do not combine them with the peculiarities of the development of seaside resorts [65, 66]. Polish architectural and urban planning historians focus on political conditions without mentioning the specifics of seaside tourist architecture.[67, 68, 69] The division of seaside resorts into development stages proposed below combines two perspectives: architectural and urban planning history and tourism development.
In most Polish seaside towns, the tourist function was launched in the second half of the 19th century and further developed during the interwar period. The analysis of the transitions allowed us to identify four basic stages of cultural landscape transformation and architectural transformation:
First stage: formation - elite resort (main characteristics: elite tourism, first buildings associated with recreational and therapeutic functions, public spaces as an important component, architecture adapted to elite expectations) (Supplementary material available online: Supplementary material S1 - Stage I: elite resort - architecture and landscape);
Second stage: regionalism - national resort (main characteristics: generalization of tourism, intensive development of therapeutic ideas, mature forms of seaside resorts, search for national style) (Supplementary material available online: Supplementary material S2 - Stage II: national resort - architecture and landscape);
Third stage: Socialization-Recreational land for labor masses (main characteristics: recreation state organizational models, landscape loss of cultural continuity, public spaces, establishment of recreation areas) (supplementary materials are online) (supplementary materials) Available: Supplementary Materials S3-3-3
Stage II: Hemitics-Ehegalitical Resort (Main Features: Mass sightseeing, a large number of investments that strongly interfere with landscapes, architectural eclectic, minimization of regional characteristics, unification) (Supplementary materials are available online) : Supplement Material S4-Stage IV: Equalism resort-architecture and landscape).
All stages have distinctive architectural features and have a specific impact on the landscape (Table 2).
The analysis of this change also makes a hypothesis of further development direction. The further development of towns along the coast is likely to be based on the continuation of the development of Masu Tourism. As a result, it is expected that the tendency seen on stage IV will further deepen. In that case, the stage II "Unification Multipleism-Network-type Tourism Resort" may be a stage in which coastal towns form a unified structure that eliminates regional characteristics. However, by stopping changes to the further unification of buildings and the devastation of the landscape, and shifting from mass-tourism to sustainable tourism, alternatives may be created: stage V-secondary regionalization. Sustainable resort-This stage reflects the return to the original therapeutic ideas.
From the perspective of the transformation of the architecture and landscape of the Polish coastal town, the indicated stage does not accurately match the stage of the Butler and its followers. The development process of culture, art, and architecture is linked to economic development, but does not necessarily develop in parallel. The stage of educating the mature form of the seaside town (second stage: regionalism-national resort, 1918-1939) is not at the same time as town tourism development, many investments, and mastourism. Third stage: Socialization-Recreational land for labor masses (main characteristics: recreation national organization model, landscape loss of cultural continuity, lowering public space, establishment of recreation areas) (supplemented) Materials are available online: Supplementary Materials S3-3rd stage: Resort for the Labor masses-architecture and landscape);
Stage II: Hemitics-Ehegalitical Resort (Main Features: Mass sightseeing, a large number of investments that strongly interfere with landscapes, architectural eclectic, minimization of regional characteristics, unification) (Supplementary materials are available online) : Supplement Material S4-Stage IV: Equalism resort-architecture and landscape).
All stages have distinctive architectural features and have a specific impact on the landscape (Table 2).
The analysis of this change also makes a hypothesis of further development direction. The further development of towns along the coast is likely to be based on the continuation of the development of Masu Tourism. As a result, it is expected that the tendency seen in stage IV will further deepen. In that case, the stage II "Unification Multipleism-Network-type Tourism Resort" may be a stage in which coastal towns form a unified structure that eliminates regional characteristics. However, by stopping changes to the further unification of buildings and the devastation of the landscape, and shifting from mass-tourism to sustainable tourism, alternatives may be created: stage V-secondary regionalization. Sustainable resort-This stage reflects the return to the original therapeutic ideas.
From the perspective of the transformation of the architecture and landscape of the Polish coastal town, the indicated stage does not accurately match the stage of the Butler and its followers. The development process of culture, art, and architecture is linked to economic development, but does not necessarily develop in parallel. The stage of educating the mature form of the seaside town (second stage: regionalism-national resort, 1918-1939) is not at the same time as town tourism development, many investments, and mastourism. Third stage: Socialization-Recreational land for labor masses (main characteristics: recreation state organizational model, loss of cultural continuity of landscape, lowering public space, establishment of recreational land) (Supplementary material is online) Available: Supplementary Materials S3-3-3
Stage II: Hemitics-Ehegalitical Resort (Main Features: Mass sightseeing, a large number of investments that strongly interfere with landscapes, architectural eclectic, minimization of regional characteristics, unification) (Supplementary materials are available online) : Supplement Material S4-Stage IV: Equalism resort-architecture and landscape).
All stages have distinctive architectural features and have a specific impact on the landscape (Table 2).
The analysis of this change also makes a hypothesis of further development direction. The further development of towns along the coast is likely to be based on the continuation of the development of Masu Tourism. As a result, it is expected that the tendency seen on stage IV will further deepen. In that case, the stage II "Unification Multipleism-Network-type Tourism Resort" may be a stage in which coastal towns form a unified structure that eliminates regional characteristics. However, by stopping changes to the further unification of buildings and the devastation of the landscape, and shifting from mass-tourism to sustainable tourism, alternatives may be created: stage V-secondary regionalization. Sustainable resort-This stage reflects the return to the original therapeutic ideas.
From the perspective of the transformation of the architecture and landscape of the Polish coastal town, the indicated stage does not accurately match the stage of the Butler and its followers. The development process of culture, art, and architecture is linked to economic development, but does not necessarily develop in parallel. The stage of educating the mature form of the seaside town (second stage: regionalism-national resort, 1918-1939) is not at the same time as town tourism development, many investments, and mastourism.
The development of tourism and leisure functions has a significant impact on the cultural landscape. It determines to a large extent the spatial development of seaside towns and cities, the scale of recreational architecture and other forms of development related to tourism services. The gradual nature of this process is due to the evolutionary changes in recreational culture and habits related to tourism travel since the coast was colonized.
The identified stages of the transformation of the cultural landscape and architecture of Polish coastal towns (formation, regionalism, socialization, pluralism) are clearly different in the way the sea is used and the forms of recreation, which directly affect the way and functions of the towns and coasts are developed (new forms of development and their location).
For example, the lack of proper protection and exhibition of historical buildings, which are losing their value and being replaced by new buildings, the chaotic and disproportionate expansion of villages and the loss of natural and landscape resources due to the expansion of developments and apartment buildings into valuable natural areas, the lack of planned protection of cultural heritage and the inclusion in development plans of shared (public) spaces, which are essential for the continuation of the original therapeutic ideals. The spatial diagnosis is obvious: we observe a deterioration in their quality and an inharmonious expansion in their scale. If we assume that holiday towns are built according to and reflect the existing recreational culture, we should consider that we are witnessing a clear cultural crisis. Despite the current modern and increasingly large-scale developments on the coast, diagnosis and creation with reference to traditional buildings, a modern perspective on development and the construction of a new cultural identity with a sense of place have not yet taken place.
The condition for a town along the coast to further develop without losing its natural and cultural value is to reach the roots, and the approach to form a space is relative. It seems to be a recession in some form, up to the regionalism stage, which is characterized by the ease of reading (treatment) philosophy. Defining the old "old" identity and confronting the modern universal culture in recreational space may be the basis for building "new" identity and cultural awareness in the coastal region. We will start protection activities related to the establishment of a cultural park consisting of several therapeutic areas, and conduct detailed surveys aimed at selecting landscape units, individual areas, and flying lands that may be activated. It seems desirable.
As a result, a sustainable development in which the respect of the tradition and the respect of the landscape, culture, and natural resources plays an important role.
The following are https: //www. mdpi. com/2073-445x/9/2/55/s1, Figure S1-1-1: Form-Elite Resort, Figure S2-2nd stage: Regionalism-National Resort, Figure S3-3rd stage: Socialization-Resorts for the Labor Liver, Figure S4-4th Stage: Multipleist-Eederation-opened online.
Concept, W. B. and M. C.-P., methodology, W. B. and M. C.-P., formal analysis, W. B. And M. C.-P., survey, W. B. And M. C.-P., resources, W. B. , W. B. and M. C.-P., Writing-Review and Edit, W. B. and M. C.-P. All authors read and agree with the posted manuscript.
This study has not received external funding.
The authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest.
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