Pong

Pon is a table tennis sports game made in an arcade video game and created by Nolan Bushnell, a simple tw o-dimensional graphics. Bushnell has made an electronic table tennis game mounted on the first home video game console, Magna Box Odyssey, a concept of the game. In response, the Magna Box later appealed to Atari for patent infringement. Bushnell and Atari c o-founded the video game industry with Magna Box Odyssey. Shortly after the release, several companies have begun to make a game that plimens the game play. Eventually, Atari's competitors will release a new type of video game that deviates from Pong's original format, and this is to produce more innovative games beyond Pong. It was an opportunity to encourage the staff.

Atari has released some sequels for Pong, which adds new features to the original gameplay. In the 1975 Christmas season, Atari released a home version of Pong for Sears only. The home version was also commercially successful, and many clones were born. After the release, the game was remade on many home and portable platforms. Pon] is permanently stored in the Washington D. C.'s Smithsonian Museum.

Contents

• 1 game play
• 2 Development and history
  • 2. 1 Home version
  • 2. 2 Litigation from Magna Box
  • 3. 1 Simple and remake
  • 3. 2 In the popular culture

  Gameplay [ ]

  Let the ball go back and forth with two paddles. The score is managed by the numbers at the top of the screen.

  Pon is a tw o-dimensional sports game that simulates table tennis. The player operates the paddle in the game vertically to the left and right of the screen. You can play with another player who operates another paddle on the other side. Players use a paddle to make a round trip to the ball. The goal is that each player reaches 11 points ahead of the opponent, and points are added if one player cannot return the ball to the opponent. [one two three]

  Development and history [ ]

  See also: Alalcorn-clopped. jpg < Span> Pong is a table tennis sports game featuring a simple two-dimensional graphics manufactured in an arcade video game and created by Nolan Bushnell. Bushnell has made an electronic table tennis game mounted on the first home video game console, Magna Box Odyssey, a concept of the game. In response, the Magna Box later appealed to Atari for patent infringement. Bushnell and Atari c o-founded the video game industry with Magna Box Odyssey. Shortly after the release, several companies have begun to make a game that plimens the game play. Eventually, Atari's competitors will release a new type of video game that deviates from Pong's original format, and this is to produce more innovative games beyond Pong. It was an opportunity to encourage the staff.

  Atari has released some sequels for Pong, which adds new features to the original gameplay. In the 1975 Christmas season, Atari released a home version of Pong for Sears only. The home version was also commercially successful, and many clones were born. After the release, the game was remade on many home and portable platforms. Pon] is permanently stored in the Washington D. C.'s Smithsonian Museum.

  1 game play

  2 Development and history

  Home version [ ]

  2. 1 Home version

  2. 2 Litigation from Magna Box

  3. 1 Simple and remake

  3. 2 In the popular culture

  Lawsuit from Magnavox [ ]

  Let the ball go back and forth with two paddles. The score is managed by the numbers at the top of the screen.

  Pon is a tw o-dimensional sports game that simulates table tennis. The player operates the paddle in the game vertically to the left and right of the screen. You can play with another player who operates another paddle on the other side. Players use a paddle to make a round trip to the ball. The goal is that each player reaches 11 points ahead of the opponent, and points are added if one player cannot return the ball to the opponent. [one two three]

  See also: Alalcorn-clopped. jpg Pong is a table tennis sports game featuring a simple 2D graphics manufactured in an arcade video game and created by Nolan Bushnell. Bushnell has made an electronic table tennis game mounted on the first home video game console, Magna Box Odyssey, a concept of the game. In response, the Magna Box later appealed to Atari for patent infringement. Bushnell and Atari c o-founded the video game industry with Magna Box Odyssey. Shortly after the release, several companies have begun to make a game that plimens the game play. Eventually, Atari's competitors will release a new type of video game that deviates from Pong's original format, and this is to produce more innovative games beyond Pong. It was an opportunity to encourage the staff.

  Impact and legacy [ ]

  Atari has released some sequels for Pong, which adds new features to the original gameplay. In the 1975 Christmas season, Atari released a home version of Pong for Sears only. The home version was also commercially successful, and many clones were born. After the release, the game was remade on many home and portable platforms. Pon] is permanently stored in the Washington D. C.'s Smithsonian Museum.

  1 game play

  2 Development and history

  2. 1 Home version

  2. 2 Litigation from Magna Box

  3. 1 Simple and remake

  Sequels and remakes [ ]

  3. 2 In the popular culture

  Let the ball go back and forth with two paddles. The score is managed by the numbers at the top of the screen.

  Pon is a tw o-dimensional sports game that simulates table tennis. The player operates the paddle in the game vertically to the left and right of the screen. You can play with another player who operates another paddle on the other side. Players use a paddle to make a round trip to the ball. The goal is that each player reaches 11 points ahead of the opponent, and points are added if one player cannot return the ball to the opponent. [one two three]

  In popular culture [ ]

  See also: File: Alalcorn- Clopped. jpg

  See also [ ]

  • Alcorn first studied the schematics for Bushnell's Computer Space, but found them unreadable. He then developed his own design based on his knowledge of transistor-transistor logic and Bushnell's games. Finding the basic game too boring, Alcorn added features to make the game more appealing. He divided the paddle into eight segments and changed the angle at which the ball was returned. For example, the middle segment returned the ball at a 90-degree angle to the paddle, while the outer segments returned the ball at a smaller angle. He also made the ball accelerate the longer it remained in play, and reset its speed if it missed. [3] [3] Another feature was that the paddle in the game did not reach the top of the screen. This was due to an inherent flaw in the simple circuit. Instead of spending time fixing the flaw, Alcorn decided that it would help give the game a challenge and limit the time the game could be played. [7]
  • A prototype of Pong used in a tavern.
  • After hearing about the game's success, Bushnell decided that it would be more profitable for Atari to manufacture the game than to license it, but Bally and Midway's interest had already been piqued.[4][17] [4][17] Bushnell decided to tell each of the two groups that the other was not interested, in order to preserve the relationship for future deals - Bushnell told Bally executives that Midway executives did not want it, and vice versa. Upon hearing Bushnell's comments, the two groups declined his offer. [17] Bushnell struggled to find financial backing for Pong; banks viewed Pong as a variant of pinball, which the public at the time associated with the Mafia. Atari eventually secured a line of credit from Wells Fargo, which it used to expand its facilities to set up an assembly line.[18] [18] The company launched Pong on November 29, 1972.[19][20] Management advertised for assembly workers at local unemployment offices, but they could not keep up with demand. Assembly of the first arcade cabinets was very slow, at around 10 a day, and many failed quality testing. Atari eventually streamlined the process and began mass-producing the game. [18] By 1973, they began shipping Pong to other countries with the help of overseas partners. [21]
  • Atari's home Pong game console, released by Sears in 1975

  References [ ]

  1. After Pong's success, Bushnell urged employees to make new products. [4] [22] In 1974, Atari engineer Harold Lee proposed a home version of Pong to connect to TV: Home Pong. The system began to be developed with the code name DARLENE after the name of Atari employees. Alcorn developed design and prototypes in cooperation with Lee, based on the same digital technology used in arcade games. The two worked on a shift system to save time and money, Lee worked on design logic during the day, and Arcorn debugged the design at night. When the design was approved, Bob Brown, the same Atari engineer, helped Alcon and Lee to create a prototype. The prototype was composed of a device attached to a wooden pedestal containing more than 100 wires, and it was eventually replaced with a single chip designed by Alcorn and Lee. The chip was completed in late 1974, and at that time it was the highest performance in the [22] semiconductor chips.
  2. Bushnell and Vice President of Atari, Vice President, offered toys and consumer electronics retailers to sell Home Pong, but was refused. Retailers thought that the product was too expensive to attract consumers. [23] Atari found that Magnavox Odyssey ad was posted in the Sears Sporting Goods catalog sporting equipment corner and contacted Sears Sporting Gods. Atari's staff talked about the game with the person in charge, Tom Quinn, and he expressed his enthusiasm and offered an exclusive contract. Atari executives thought that there were other more advantageous conditions, refusing them and continued to follow the toy retailers. In January 1975, Atari's staff set up a Home Pong booth in the American Toy Fair (trade fair) in New York, but the price of the main unit was high, so we could not recruit orders. [24] After
  3. Atari reunited with Quinn at the exhibition and promised to meet him a few days later. To get the approval of the sports equipment division, Quinn suggested Atari to demonstrate the game to Chicago. Alcorn and Lipkin went to Sears Tower, and although there was a technical problem that the antenna on the roof of the building was broadcast on the same channel as the game, it was approved. Bushnell told Quinin that he could produce 75, 000 units in time for the Christmas season, but Quinn demanded twice as much. Bushnell knew that Atari had no ability to manufacture 150, 000 units, but he agreed. [22] Atari won a new factory with the funds obtained by [25], and the first unit was attached to the Sears "Tele-Games" brand. Atari later released its brand version in 1976. [26]
  4. The Magnavox Odyssey invented by the 'S is the development of' s.
  5. The success of Pong gained the attention of BAER [27], and Sanders continued to apply pressure, and in April 1974, the Magna Box filed a lawsuit against Atari, Aride Leisure, Barry Midway, and [28]. The Magna Box argued that Atari was infringing the concept of BAER's patent and his electronic table tennis, based on a detailed record that Sanders dated in 1966 about the design process of Odyssey. Other documents include witness's oathing testimony, and a signature guest book that shows that Bushnell was playing Odyssey table tennis games before releasing Pong. [27] [29] In response to the claim that he saw Odyssey, Bushnell later said, "I saw Odyssey games, but I didn't think it was very smart." [30] Atari reunited with Quinn at the < Span> exhibition and promised to meet him a few days later. To get the approval of the sports equipment division, Quinn suggested Atari to demonstrate the game to Chicago. Alcorn and Lipkin went to Sears Tower, and although there was a technical problem that the antenna on the roof of the building was broadcast on the same channel as the game, it was approved. Bushnell told Quinin that he could produce 75, 000 units in time for the Christmas season, but Quinn demanded twice as much. Bushnell knew that Atari had no ability to manufacture 150, 000 units, but he agreed. [22] Atari won a new factory with the funds obtained by [25], and the first unit was attached to the Sears "Tele-Games" brand. Atari later released its brand version in 1976. [26]
  6. The Magnavox Odyssey invented by the 'S is the development of' s.
  7. The success of Pong gained the attention of BAER [27], and Sanders continued to apply pressure, and in April 1974, the Magna Box filed a lawsuit against Atari, Aride Leisure, Barry Midway, and [28]. The Magna Box argued that Atari was infringing the concept of BAER's patent and his electronic table tennis, based on a detailed record that Sanders dated in 1966 about the design process of Odyssey. Other documents include witness's oathing testimony, and a signature guest book that shows that Bushnell was playing Odyssey table tennis games before releasing Pong. [27] [29] In response to the claim that he saw Odyssey, Bushnell later said, "I saw Odyssey games, but I didn't think it was very smart." [30] Atari reunited with Quinn at the exhibition and promised to meet him a few days later. To get the approval of the sports equipment division, Quinn suggested Atari to demonstrate the game to Chicago. Alcorn and Lipkin went to Sears Tower, and although there was a technical problem that the antenna on the roof of the building was broadcast on the same channel as the game, it was approved. Bushnell told Quinin that he could produce 75, 000 units in time for the Christmas season, but Quinn demanded twice as much. Bushnell knew that Atari had no ability to manufacture 150, 000 units, but he agreed. [22] Atari won a new factory with the funds obtained by [25], and the first unit was attached to the Sears "Tele-Games" brand. Atari later released its brand version in 1976. [26]
  8. The Magnavox Odyssey invented by the 'S is the development of' s.
  9. The success of Pong gained the attention of BAER [27], and Sanders continued to apply pressure, and in April 1974, the Magna Box filed a lawsuit against Atari, Aride Leisure, Barry Midway, and [28]. The Magna Box argued that Atari was infringing the concept of BAER's patent and his electronic table tennis, based on a detailed record that Sanders dated in 1966 about the design process of Odyssey. Other documents include witness's oathing testimony, and a signature guest book that shows that Bushnell was playing Odyssey table tennis games before releasing Pong. [27] [29] In response to the claim of seeing Odyssey, Bushnell later stated that "the fact was absolutely saw the Odyssey game, but I didn't think it was very smart." [30]
  10. As a result of examining the choices, Bushnell decided to reconcile with the Magna Box outside of court. Bushnell's lawyer thought he could win, but had estimated the litigation costs of $ 1. 5 million, exceeding Atari. The Magna Box had a contract with Atari to become License for $ 700, 000. Other companies that manufacture Atari competition Pon Clone needed to pay royalties. In addition, the Magna Box has the right to the Atari product, which will be developed in the next year. [27] [29] The Magna Box continued to pursue legal measures against other companies, and a lawsuit began shortly after the settlement of Atari in June 1976. The first trial was held in [27] [29] [31]. In order to avoid the right of its products, Atari decided to delay the release of its products by one year to avoid gaining the right of its products, and when he visited the Atari facility, he hid information from a magna box lawyer. [29]
  11. See this also: History of the video game industry
  12. PON G-only console goes to various countries, for example, this Russian console
  13. Atari's arcade game "Pong" was a great success. The prototype was popular with regular customers in the Andy Cap bar, and some came to the bar just to play this game. [4] [17] After the release, PONG always made four times the revenue of other coi n-type machines. [32] Bushnell estimates that the game has earned $ 35 to 40 US days, and it was never seen in the coin entertainment industry at the time. [9] The profitability of the game has increased the number of orders received by Atari. For this reason, Atari was able to get a stable source of income, and the company sold a machine at three times the price. The arcade housing later became a collector's item, and the cocktail version is the most rare. [33] Immediately after the success of Andy Cap's test at the bar, other companies began to visit the game. Atari was unable to compete with competitors because he had not applied for a patent for the game. [35] His solution to competing against competitors was to create more innovative games and concepts. [34] [35] < SPAN> As a result of examining the options, Bushnell decided to settle out of the Magna Box outside of court. Bushnell's lawyer thought he could win, but had estimated the litigation costs of $ 1. 5 million, exceeding Atari. The Magna Box had a contract with Atari to become License for $ 700, 000. Other companies that manufacture Atari competition Pon Clone needed to pay royalties. In addition, the Magna Box has the right to the Atari product, which will be developed in the next year. [27] [29] The Magna Box continued to pursue legal measures against other companies, and a lawsuit began shortly after the settlement of Atari in June 1976. The first trial was held in [27] [29] [31]. In order to avoid the right of its products, Atari decided to delay the release of its products by one year to avoid gaining the right of its products, and when he visited the Atari facility, he hid information from a magna box lawyer. [29]
  14. See this also: History of the video game industry
  15. PON G-only console goes to various countries, for example, this Russian console
  16. Atari's arcade game "Pong" was a great success. The prototype was popular with regular customers in the Andy Cap bar, and some came to the bar just to play this game. [4] [17] After the release, PONG always made four times the revenue of other coi n-type machines. [32] Bushnell estimates that the game has earned $ 35 to 40 US days, and it was never seen in the coin entertainment industry at the time. [9] The profitability of the game has increased the number of orders received by Atari. For this reason, Atari was able to get a stable source of income, and the company sold a machine at three times the price. The arcade housing later became a collector's item, and the cocktail version is the most rare. [33] Immediately after the success of Andy Cap's test at the bar, other companies began to visit the game. Atari was unable to compete with competitors because he had not applied for a patent for the game. [35] His solution to competing against competitors was to create more innovative games and concepts. [34] [35] As a result of examining the options, Bushnell decided to reconcile outside the Magna Box. Bushnell's lawyer thought he could win, but had estimated the litigation costs of $ 1. 5 million, exceeding Atari. The Magna Box had a contract with Atari to become License for $ 700, 000. Other companies that manufacture Atari competition Pon Clone needed to pay royalties. In addition, the Magna Box has the right to the Atari product, which will be developed in the next year. [27] [29] The Magna Box continued to pursue legal measures against other companies, and a lawsuit began shortly after the settlement of Atari in June 1976. The first trial was held in [27] [29] [31]. In order to avoid the right of its products, Atari decided to delay the release of its products by one year to avoid gaining the right of its products, and when he visited the Atari facility, he hid information from a magna box lawyer. [29]
  17. See this also: History of the video game industry
  18. PON G-only console goes to various countries, for example, this Russian console
  19. Atari's arcade game "Pong" was a great success. The prototype was popular with regular customers in the Andy Cap bar, and some came to the bar just to play this game. [4] [17] After the release, PONG always made four times the revenue of other coi n-type machines. [32] Bushnell estimates that the game has earned $ 35 to 40 US days, and it was never seen in the coin entertainment industry at the time. [9] The profitability of the game has increased the number of orders received by Atari. For this reason, Atari was able to get a stable source of income, and the company sold a machine at three times the price. The arcade housing later became a collector's item, and the cocktail version is the most rare. [33] Immediately after the success of Andy Cap's test at the bar, other companies began to visit the game. Atari was unable to compete with competitors because he had not applied for a patent for the game. [35] His solution to competing against competitors was to create more innovative games and concepts. [34] [35]
  20. HOME PONG was limited to Sears in 1975 and quickly succeeded, and about 150, 000 were sold during the holiday season. [36] [37] [36] [37] This game was the most successful product in Sears at the time, and Atari won the Sears quality excellent award. [37] Similar to the arcade version, some companies have released clones with the success of home game consoles, and many have continued to produce new game consoles and video games. The Magna Box will r e-release an Odyssey system with a new function, and will later release an update version. Coleco entered the video game market on the Telstar console, featured three Pong variations, and was inherited by a new model. [Atari's Pong console is common, but the price of APF ELECTRONICS's PONG console varies depending on the [39] collector, and the version of Sears Tele-Games is often cheaper than the Atar brand. [36]
  21. Several publications are regarded as a game that launched Pong as a company that made the video game industry as a profitable company. [8] [26] [40] Video Game writer David Ellis regards this game as the cornerstone of the success of the video game industry, and calls this arcade game as one of the "historical most important" titles. It is. [4] [33] Kent assumes that the "arcade phenomenon" is caused by a pon and Atari game, and regards the release of a home version as the beginning of home game consoles. [34] [37] GAMASUTRA's Bill Loguidice and Matt Barton commented that the release of the game was the beginning of a new entertainment media, and its simple and intuitive gameplay was successful. [In 1996, Next Generation chose this game as one of the "Top 100 Games in the past," and said, "The Next Generation Staff, the Genesis version was released for dozens of hours. I ignored the dollar 3 2-bit software. " [41] In 1999, Next Generation ranked Pong in 34th place in "TOP 50 Games of All Time", "Despite being simple or simple, Pong is the ultimate tw o-player match game. [42] Entertainment Weekly chose Pong in the top 10 Pong in 2013. Nintendo entered the video game market with a clone of home.
  22. Bushnell felt that Pong was particularly important in the role of [45].
  23. The sequel to the Tele-Games Pong IV and Sears Pong (Pong Double) was one of many consoles full of market by 1977. < SPAN> Several publications are regarded as games launched Pong as a company that made the video game industry as a profitable company. [8] [26] [40] Video Game writer David Ellis regards this game as the cornerstone of the success of the video game industry, and calls this arcade game as one of the "historical most important" titles. It is. [4] [33] Kent assumes that the "arcade phenomenon" is caused by a pon and Atari game, and regards the release of a home version as the beginning of home game consoles. [34] [37] GAMASUTRA's Bill Loguidice and Matt Barton commented that the release of the game was the beginning of a new entertainment media, and its simple and intuitive gameplay was successful. [In 1996, Next Generation chose this game as one of the "Top 100 Games in the past," and said, "The Next Generation Staff, the Genesis version was released for dozens of hours. I ignored the dollar 3 2-bit software. " [41] In 1999, Next Generation ranked Pong in 34th place in "TOP 50 Games of All Time", "Despite being simple or simple, Pong is the ultimate tw o-player match game. [42] Entertainment Weekly chose Pong in the top 10 Pong in 2013. Nintendo entered the video game market with a clone of home.
  24. Bushnell felt that Pong was particularly important in the role of [45].
  25. The sequel to the Tele-Games Pong IV and Sears Pong (Pong Double) was one of many consoles full of market by 1977. Several publications are regarded as a game that launched Pong as a company that made the video game industry as a profitable company. [8] [26] [40] Video Game writer David Ellis regards this game as the cornerstone of the success of the video game industry, and calls this arcade game as one of the "historical most important" titles. It is. [4] [33] Kent assumes that the "arcade phenomenon" is caused by a pon and Atari game, and regards the release of a home version as the beginning of home game consoles. [34] [37] GAMASUTRA's Bill Loguidice and Matt Barton commented that the release of the game was the beginning of a new entertainment media, and its simple and intuitive gameplay was successful. [In 1996, Next Generation chose this game as one of the "Top 100 Games in the past," and said, "The Next Generation Staff, the Genesis version was released for dozens of hours. I ignored the dollar 3 2-bit software. " [41] In 1999, Next Generation ranked Pong in 34th place in "TOP 50 Games of All Time", "Despite being simple or simple, Pong is the ultimate tw o-player match game. [42] Entertainment Weekly chose Pong in the top 10 Pong in 2013. Nintendo entered the video game market with a clone of home.
  26. Bushnell felt that Pong was particularly important in the role of [45].
  27. The sequel to the Tele-Games Pong IV and Sears Pong (Pong Double) was one of many consoles full of market by 1977.
  28. Bushnell believed that the best way to combat copycats was to make a better product, and Atari began producing sequels in the years after the original: Pong Doubles, Super Pong, Ultra Pong, Quadrapong, and Pin-Pong. [For example, Pong Doubles allowed teams of four to play against each other, while Quadrapong was a free-to-play game.[46][47] Bushnell also conceived a free-to-play version of Pong to entertain children in doctor's offices; however, to avoid legal action, he renamed it Puppy Pong and changed Snoopy to a generic dog. Bushnell later used the game in his own restaurant chain, Chuck E. Cheese's.[2][48][49][50][51] In 1976, Atari released Breakout, a single-player variation of Pong in which the object of the game is to remove bricks from a wall by hitting them with the ball. [Like Pong, Breakout was followed by many clones that copied the gameplay, such as Arkanoid, Alley, and[53].] Atari remade the game for many platforms. In 1977, Pong and several variations of it were included in Video Olympics, one of the original launch titles for the Atari 2600. Pong has also appeared on several Atari compilations, including for the Sega Genesis, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and personal computers.[54][55][56][57][58] A deal with Atari led to the release of a slot machine version of the game. [59] An Atari-published[60][61] 3D platform game with puzzle and shooting elements was reportedly in development by Atari Corporation for the Atari Jaguar in September 1995 as part of a series of arcade game updates for the system, and was therefore set to have an original storyline,[62][63][64] but was never released. In 1999, the game was remade for home computers and the PlayStation, with 3D graphics and power-ups.[65][66] In 2012, Atari released Pong World to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Pong.[67]
  29. Dutch design studio Buro Vormkrijgers created a Pong-themed clock as a fun project in their office. After the studio decided to manufacture it for retail, Atari took legal action in February 2006. The two companies eventually reached an agreement under which Buro Vormkrijgers would license and produce a limited number of them. [76] In 1999, the French artist was presented by the Museum of Contemporary Art of Castilla y León in 2007. [77] The game was included in the 2002 GameOn exhibition at the London Barbican Art Gallery, which aimed to display various aspects of video game history, development, and culture. [78]
  30. The Golden Age of Arcade Games
  31. History of Video Games
  32. List of Arcade Video Games
  33. Pain Station
  34. ↑Pong". Video Game Killer List. http://www. arcade-museum. com/game_detail. php? game_id=9074. Retrieved October 22, 2008.
  35. ↑ 2. 02. 12. 2 Sellers, John (August 2001). "Pong". Arcade Fever: The Fan's Guide to The Golden Age of Video Games. ISBN0-7624-0937-1.
  36. ↑ 3. 03. 13. 23. 33. 43. 5 Kent, Steven (2001). "And Then There Was Pong". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. 40-43. ISBN0-7615-3643-4.
  37. ↑ 4. 04. 14. 24. 34. 44. 5 Ellis, David (2004). "A Brief History of Video Games". Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games . Random House. 3-4. isbn0-375-72038-3 . https://archive. org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/3 .
  38. ↑ 5. 05. 1 Kent, Steven (2001). "And Then There Was Pong". The Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. 38-39. ISBN0-7615-3643-4.
  39. ↑ Kent, Steven (2001). "Father of the Industry". The Ultimate History of Video Games . Three Rivers Press. 34-35. ISBN0-7615-3643-4.
  40. ↑ 7. 07. 17. 27. 37. 47. 57. 6 Shea, Cam (10 March 2008). "Al Alcorn Interview" . http://www. ign. com/articles/2008/03/11/al-alcorn-interview . Retrieved October 13, 2008.
  41. ↑ 8. 08. 1 Rapp, David (29 November 2006). "The Mother of All Video Games". Original on May 17, 2008. https://web. archive. org/web/20080517011435/http://www. americanheritage. com/people/articles/web/20061129-pong-video-games-nolan-bushnell-atari-al-alcorn-nintendo. shtml . Retrieved October 25, 2008.
  42. ↑ 9. 09. 19. 2 Helgeson, Matt (March 2011). "The Father of the Game Industry Returns to Atari". Game Informer (GameStop) (215): 39.
  43. ↑ "Video Game History". R. H. Baer Consultants. 1998. https://www. ralphbaer. com/video_game_history. htm. Retrieved October 22, 2008.
  44. ↑ ISBN0-9643848-1-7.
  45. ↑ Morris, Dave (2004). "Funky Town". The Art of Game Worlds. HarperCollins. ISBN0-06-072430-7.
  46. ↑ "Pong 40th Anniversary - Rooster T. Feathers - Special Feature & Column". https://www. metroactive. com/features/columns/pong-40th-anniversary-rooster-t-feathers. html . Retrieved 9 May 2017 .
  47. ↑ "November 29, 1972: Pong, a Game That Drunk People Can Play" . https://www. wired. com/2010/11/1129pong/ . Retrieved 9 May 2017 .
  48. ↑ "Pong - CHM Revolution" . http://www. computerhistory. org/revolution/story/183 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 .
  49. ↑ Goldberg, Harold. "The Origins of the First Arcade Video Game: Atari's Pong" . http://www. vanityfair. com/culture/features/2011/03/pong-excerpt-201103 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 .
  50. ↑ 17. 017. 117. 217. 317. 417. 5 Kent, Steven (2001). 「And Then There Was Pong」. Ultimate History of Video Games . Three Rivers Press. 43-45. ISBN0-7615-3643-4.
  51. ↑ 18. 018. 1 Kent, Steven (2001). 「The King and Court」. Ultimate History of Video Games . Three Rivers Press. ISBN0-7615-3643-4.
  52. ↑「Production Numbers」. アタリ. 1999 . https://www. atarigames. com/atarinumbers90s. pdf . Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  53. ↑"This Day in History: November 29th". Computer History Museum. http://www. computerhistory. org/tdih/November/29/. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
  54. ↑ Kent, Steven (2001). "Jackals". The Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. ISBN0-7615-3643-4.
  55. ↑ 22. 022. 122. 2 Kent, Steven (2001). "Could You Repeat That Two More Times?". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. ISBN0-7615-3643-4.
  56. ↑ Kent, Steven L/ (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. isbn0-7615-3643-4.
  57. ↑ Smith, Alexander (2019). My library My History Books on Google Play They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971-1982. CRC Press. isbn9780429752612. https://books. google. com/books? id=Cxy_DwAAQBAJ& amp; pg=PT207& amp; lpg=PT207& amp; dq=Atari+home+pong+toy+trade+fair+1975& amp; source=bl& amp; ots=UW_IX77mfl& amp; sig=ACfU3U3tZUzOUbmvnnkmUEK_4DsHTR6s4Q& amp; hl=ja& amp; sa= Retrieved 16 February 2020 . ↑ Kent, Steven (2001). "Could You Repeat That Two More Times?". The Ultimate Video Game History. Three Rivers Press. ISBN0-7615-3643-4.
  58. ↑ 26. 026. 126. 2 Loguidice, Bill; Matt Barton (9 January 2009). "The History of Pong: Avoid the Missing Game to Jump-Start an Industry". http://www. gamasutra. com/view/feature/3900/the_history_of_pong_avoid_missing_. php. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  59. ↑ 27. 027. 127. 227. 3 Baer, ​​Ralph (1998). "Genesis: How the Home Video Games Industry Began". R. H. Baer Consultants. https://www. ralphbaer. com/how_video_games. htm. Retrieved October 22, 2008. ↑ "Magnavox Sues Firms Making Video Games, Charges Infringement". Wall Street Journal. 17 April 1974.
  60. ↑ 29. 029. 129. 229. 3 Kent, Steven (2001). "And Then There Was Pong". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. 45-48. ISBN0-7615-3643-4.
  61. ↑ Nolan Bushnell (2003). The Story of Computer Games (video). Discovery Channel.
  62. ↑ Kent, Steven (2001). "A Case of Two Gorillas". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. ISBN0-7615-3643-4.
  63. ↑ 32. 032. 1 Kent, Steven (2001). "The King and Court". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. ISBN0-7615-3643-4. ↑ 33. 033. 1 Ellis, David (2004). "Arcade Classics". Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games. Random House. isbn0-375-72038-3. https://archive. org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/400. ↑ 34. 034. 134. 2 Kent, Steven (2001). Ultimate History of Video Games . Three Rivers Press. ISBN0-7615-3643-4. ↑ 35. 035. 1 Kent, Steven (2001). (2004). ``Dedicated Consoles.'' . Three Rivers Press. ISBN0-7615-3643-4. ↑ 38. 038. 1Sheff, David (1993). "In Heaven's Hands". Game Over: How Nintendo Zapped an American Industry, Captured Your Dollars, and Enslave Your Children (1st ed.). Random House. ISBN0-679-40469-4.
  64. ↑ Ellis, David (2004). "Dedicated Consoles". Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games. Random House. 37-41. ISBN0-375-72038-3. https://archive. org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/37.
  65. ↑ "Pong". http://www. ign. com/games/pong/arcade-9096. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
  66. ↑ "Top 100 Games of All Time". Next Generation (Imagine Media) (21): 47. September 1996.
  67. ↑ "Top 50 Games of All Time". Next Generation (Imagine Media) (50): 76. February 1999.
  68. ↑ "
  69. ↑ "
  70. ↑ "
  71. ↑ Morales, Aaron (25 January 2013). “The 10 best Atari games”. Entertainment Weekly . http://www. ew. com/article/2013/01/25/the-10-best-atari-games . Retrieved April 17, 2016.
  72. ↑ Retro gamer staff (August 2008). "Developer lookback: KONAMI Part I". Retro Gamer (Imagine Publishing) (53): 25.
  73. ↑ “What the hell nolan bushnell started?”. NEXT GENERATION (IMAGINE Media) (4): 11. April 1995.
  74. ↑ Pon Doubles ”. Http://www. arcade-museum. com/game_detail. php? game_id=9075. Acquired on December 31, 2008.
  75. ↑
  76. ↑ Quadrapon ”. Http://www. arcade-museum. com/game_detail. php? game_id=9187. Acquisition on December 31, 2008.
  77. ↑ Doctor Pong ”. Http://www. arcade-museum. com/game_detail. php? game_id=7597. Acquisition on December 31, 2008.
  78. ↑ Puppy Pong ”. Http://www. arcade-museum. com/game_detail. php? game_id=9159. Acquisition on December 31, 2008.

  Further reading [ ]

  • ↑ Snoopy Pong]. Killer list of video games. Http://www. arcade-museum. com/game_detail. php? game_598. Acquisition on December 31, 2008.
  • ↑ Ellis, David (2004). Official Price to Classic Video Games. Random House. 402. ISBN0-375-72038. e. org/details/officialPricegui00davi/page/402.
  • ↑ Kent, Steven (2001). "THE JACKALS". Ultimate History of Video Games. THREE RIVERS PRESS. Isbn0-7615-3643-4.
  • ↑ Nelson, Mark (August 21, 2007). "Breaking Down Breakout: Breaking Down Breakout: System and Level Design for Breakout-Style Games". 630/breaking_down_breakout_system_and_. php. Acquired on February 23, 2011.

  External links [ ]

  • ↑ Arcade Classic ”. Http://www. ign. com/games/arcade-classics/gen-591. Acquired on December 25, 2008.
  • ↑ Atari (December 20, 2007). chive. today/20120913102038/http://www. gamespot . com/News/Retro-ARCADE-MASTERPIECES-HIT-STORE-SHELVES-ITARI-Classics-Evolved-6184181. Acquired on December 25, 2008.
  • ↑ GERSTMANN, JEFF (23 MARCH 2005). Http://www. gamespott. com/review-Review/1900-61209 54/. Acquired on December 25, 2008.
  • ↑ "Atari: 80 classic games are on a company line". 23 APRIL 2004. Archived from the Original on 5 September 2012. spot. com/ NEWS/ATARI-80-Classic-Games-in-one-company-line-6094407.

  Kohler, Chris (7 September 2004). "ATARI OPENS UP MASSSIC-GAME Library". Http://www. gamespot VE-Classic-Game-Library/1100-6106808 /. Acquired on December 25, 2008.

  The History Of Gaming: An Evolving Community

  ↑ Developed slots based on Atari and Alliance gaming based on Atari video games. 9 September 2004. Archived from the Original on 11 january Ance-Gaming-to-Develop-Slots-O n-atari-video-games-6107053. Acquired on December 25, 2008.

  The Early Years

  ↑ MUNK, SIMON (4 May 2002). "PS2 Review: TD Overdrive". Computer and video game. It was archive from the original on March 9, 2007. Get did.

  ↑ Gestalt (August 2002). "TD Overdrive Xbox Review". Http://www. eurogamer. net/articles/qt_tdoverDrive. Obtained December 25, 2008.

  ↑ クォーターマン (1995 年 5 月). 「Gaming Gossip」. 月刊エレクトロニック・ゲーミング（仙台出版） (70)： 54 . https://retrocdn. net/index. php? title=File:EGM_US_070. pdf& amp; page = 54.

  Gore, CHRIS (September 1995). VideoGame s-THE ULTIMATE GAMING MAGAZINE (L. F. P. P., Inc. ) (80): 20. https://archive. org/ Stream/video_games_The_ultimate_gaming_magazine_ISSUE_80_SEPTEMBER_1995 #Page/N21/Mode/1up.

  ↑ SCHMUDDE (November 5, 2014). "LOST INTERVIEW with Francois Yves Bertrand". S-Yves-Bertrand/. 2019-04 I go t-12.

  ↑ Pon: Next Level (PC). Http://www. ign. com/games/pong-he-next-level/pc-13321. Acquisition January 11, 2009.

  ↑ Pong: The Next Level (PlayStation). Http://www. ign. com/games/pong-the-next-level/ps-11431. Obtained January 9, 2009.

  Onward To Atari And Arcade Gaming

  ↑ "Atari celebrates the 40th anniversary of PONG with a new, free iOS PONG game, custom portable Xbox 360". English . https: //www. engadget. com/2012/11/29/atari-40th-anniversar y-pong-World/. Retrieeded 12 JULY 2015.

  ↑ Ashcraft, Brian (22 AUGUST 2006). "Roddick vs. Pong". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 29 JUNE 2009. /http://kotaku. com/gaming/television/ roddick-vs-pong-195709. php. Retrieed 26 Decementer 2008.

  The Roots Of Multiplayer Gaming As We Know It

  ↑ Parker, SAM (13 February 2004). ARCHIVED from the ORIGINAL on 2 JANUARY 2013. Https://wttp://http://w ww. gamespot. com/gamespot /features/all/greatestgames/p-37. html. Acquired January 14, 2009.

  ↑ Anderson, Luke (11 September 2008). "Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Amp; Bolts Updated Hands-n". TS-and-BOLTS-UPDATED-HAND S-on/ 1100-6197547/. Obtained January 14, 2009.

  ↑ Microsoft (August 28, 2007). "Microsoft, Video Game Live is held in London". Https://archive. today/20070719050209/http://///////http:////http:////http:///http:///http:///http:///http:///http:///http:// Games. ign. com/articles/816/816582p1. html. Acquired on September 7, 2008.

  ↑ CRECENTE, BRIAN (28 February 2006). "ATARI THREATENS PONG CLOCK MAKERS". 0120712000450/http: //kotaku. com/157394/atar i-Threatens-pong-clock-makers? tag = gamingpongclock. Acquired on October 22, 2008.

  Home Gaming Becomes A Reality

  ↑テック・リワインド： 大ヒットしたアーケード・ビデオゲーム『ポン』に関する興味深い事実」. http://www. mid-day. com/articles/tech-rewind-interesting-facts-about-the-hit-arcade- VIDEO-GAME-PONG/15795171. Acquired on March 5, 2017.

  ↑ BOYES, EMMA (9 October 2006). "London Museum Showcases Games". Http://www. gamespot /. Acquisition on May 9, 2008.

  Cohen, Scott (1984). Zap! The Rise and Fall of Atari. McGraw-Hill. ISBN978-07-011543-9. Https://archive. org/details/zaprisefall00cohe.

  Herman, leonard (1997). ISBN978-0-9643848-2-8.

  KLINE, Stephen; dyer-witheford, Nick; De PEUTER, GREIG (2003). Digital Play: Interaction of technology, culture and marketing. ISBN978-7735-2591-7 .

  Lowood, H. (2009). "VideoGames in Computer Space: The Complex History of Pong". Doi: 10. 1109/MAHC. 2009. 53.

  Personal Computers: Designing Games And Opening Up To A Wider Community

  Pong-story. com Pong and its origin.

  Introducing THE ATARI MUSEUM Atari and its history in detail.

  The Pong Flyer

  Mobygames Pong subspecies

  Page Template: HLIST/STYLES. CSS must have a content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyless (currently the model is "Wikitext").

  In recent years, the mobile technical boom has revolutionized the industry and opened the door to new generation gamers. In fact, the games are in modern popular culture, and now grandmas know Angry Birds, more than 42 % of Americans are gamers, and four of the five households in the United States have game consoles.

  The first example of a game console was published by Dr. Edward Waller Kondon at the New York World Exposition in 1940. This game based on the ancient mathematics game "Nim" is said to have been played by about 50, 000 people in the six months, and more than 90 % of the computer won.

  However, the first time that a hom e-use game system appeared, Ralph Bear and his team released the prototype Brown Box in 1967, about 30 years later.

  "Brown Box" was a vacuum tube circuit that could be connected to a TV, and it was possible to operate a cube that two users chasing on the screen. Brown Box was able to program various games, including pin g-pongs, checkers, and four sports games. At that time, accessories that made full use of advanced technology include light guns for shooting games and special attachments used for golf putter games.

  According to the National Museum of the United States, Bear said, "The moment we did table tennis, we thought we got the product. Until then, we were not very convinced."

  The Move To Online Gaming On Consoles

  Brown Box was licensed by Magna Box, and the company launched the system in 1972 as the Magna Box Odyssey. It was a few months earlier than Atari, which is often misunderstood as the first game console.

  Approximately 300, 000 game consoles were sold by 1975, when the Magna Box was discontinued in August 1972. The cause of the slump in sales was that the marketing campaign was inevitable and the average American at the time was a relatively different concept.

  No matter how bad you are, this is the birth of today's digital game.

  Sega and Taito are the first companies that launched the electrical mechanical games "Periscope" and "Crown Special Soccer" in 1966 and 1967, and made the public's interest in arcade games. In 1972, Atari (Game Godfather, Nolan Bushnell), became the first game company to establish a benchmark of a larg e-scale game community.

  Atari not only developed a game i n-house, but also created a completely new industry centered on "arcade", and started selling the first ful l-fledged electronic video game "PONG" with a retail price of $ 1, 095 in 1973. And arcade machines have begun to appear on bars, bowling areas and shopping malls around the world. Between 1972 and 1985, it began to develop video games for markets where more than 15 companies continue to expand.

  In the late 1970s, chain restaurants across the US began to install video games to capitalize on the hot trend. The nature of the game ignited competition among players, who were obsessed with recording high scores with their initials and marking their space at the top of the list. At this point, multiplayer games were limited to players competing on the same screen.

  The first example of players competing on separate screens appeared in 1973 with "Empire," a strategic turn-based game for up to eight players, created for the PLATO network system. PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operation) was one of the first popularized computer-based teaching systems, originally created by the University of Illinois and later taken over by Control Data Corporation (CDC).

  According to usage records for the PLATO system, users played Empire for approximately 300, 000 hours between 1978 and 1985. In 1973, Jim Bowery released Spasim for PLATO. It was a 32-player space shooter and is considered the first example of a 3D multiplayer game. Although access to PLATO was limited to large institutions like universities and Atari that could afford the computers and connections required to join the network, PLATO represents the first step on the technological path to the Internet and to online multiplayer gaming as we know it today.

  The Modern Age Of Gaming

  At this point, gaming was popular with younger generations and was a communal activity where people competed for high scores in arcades. However, most people would never have thought that four out of five American households would have a gaming console.

  In addition to the widespread use of gaming consoles in American commercial establishments and chain restaurants, the advent of the personal computer in the early 1970s made mass-produced gaming consoles a reality. Technological advances, such as Intel's invention of the world's first microprocessor, led to the creation of games like Gunfight in 1975, a multiplayer human-vs-human combat shooter game.

  Though it's nowhere near as good as Call of Duty, Gunfight made waves when it first hit arcades, featuring a new style of gameplay that had never been seen before: one joystick for movement and the other for firing direction.

  In 1977, Atari launched Atari VCS (later Atari 2600), but the sales were not good, the sales volume in the first year was only 250, 000 units, and in 1978, 550, 000 units were significantly lower than the expected numbers. Ta. Sales were sluggish, such as the fact that Americans were not used to home color TV yet, expensive game consoles, and that Atari's popular game was getting tired. It is the cause.

  At the time of the release, Atari VCS was designed to play only 10 simple challenge games, such as Pon, Outlaw, and Tank. However, the game console was equipped with an external ROM slot that can insert a game cartridge. The possibilities were immediately found by programmers around the world, and they created games that far exceeded the original design of the game aircraft.

  The integration of the microcessesa led to the release of "Space Invaders" for Atari VCS in 1980, which symbolized the new era of the game: Atari 2600 sales were 2 million units in 1980. It increased rapidly.

  The Move Toward Mobile

  As home games and arcade games became a boom, the game community has also developed. From the late 1970s to the early 1980s, hobby magazines such as "Creative Computing" (1974), "Computer and Video Games" (1981) and "COMPUTER GAMING WORLD" (1981) were released. These magazines provided community awareness and provided channels for gamers to participate.

  In the video game boom by Space Invaders, a large number of new companies and game consoles appeared, and the market fell saturated. The number of game consoles was too large, and there were too few fun and attractive new games that could be played on the game console, so it eventually led to the 1983 North American video game crash, causing huge losses, and unpopular. The trucks were filled in the desert just to dispose of poor quality titles. The game industry needed a change.

  At the same time as the game console began to be bad, home computers such as Komodor VIC-20, Komodor 64, and Apple II began to increase. These new home computer systems are affordable for the average American, with a retail price of about $ 300 in the early 1980s (about $ 860 in the current monetary value). It was advertised as a "n" option.

  These home computers had much more powerful processors than previous generations of consoles, opening the door to a new level of gaming: more complex and less linear games. They also provided the technology needed for gamers to create their own games using BASIC code. Even Bill Gates designed a game called Donkey, a simple game in which you dodge donkeys on the highway while driving a sports car. Interestingly, the game was revived as an iOS app in 2012.

  The Future

  At the time, the game was described by Apple's rivals as "crude and embarrassing," but Gates included it to inspire users to develop their own games and programs using the integrated BASIC code program.

  Magazines such as Computer and Video Games and Gaming World provided BASIC source code for games and utility programs to type into early personal computers. Games, programs, and code submissions from readers were accepted and shared.

  In addition to providing a means for more people to create their own games using code, early computers paved the way for multiplayer games, a major milestone in the evolution of the gaming community.

  Early computers like the Macintosh and some consoles like the Atari ST allowed users to connect their devices with other players as early as the late 1980s. MidiMaze, released on the Atari ST in 1987, included the ability to link up to 16 consoles together by connecting the MIDI-OUT port of one computer to the MIDI-IN port of the next.

  Many users reported that the game became extremely slow and unstable when more than four players played at once, but this was the first step towards the idea of ​​the deathmatch, which exploded in popularity with the release of Doom in 1993 and remains one of the most popular types of games today.

  Networked multiplayer gaming was really popularized with the release of Pathway to Darkness in 1993, and the "LAN party" was born. LAN gaming became even more popular with the release of Marathon for the Macintosh in 1994 and the first-person multiplayer shooter Quake in 1996. At this time, the release of Windows 95 and affordable Ethernet cards brought networking to the Windows PC, further expanding the popularity of multiplayer LAN gaming.

  

  Elim Poon - Journalist, Creative Writer

  Last modified: 27.08.2024

  This manuscript may be accessed online at glfe.info ABSTRACT. Fan culture, in the form of fan-created works like fanfiction, fanart, and fanvids. In the Generation I games and FireRed and LeafGreen, Hiker Eric in the Rock Tunnel makes a reference to the song Hit Me with Your Best Shot by Pat Benatar. Ultimate Pop Culture Wiki Fandom hotsell, Stacey Tomaselli Software Business Analyst Foundation Software hotsell, Ten Eyck Group Commercial Auto Home.