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Professor of the UK Rahs Bowl Sports Sociology. He has authored "Global Sports": Identity, Society, Civilization, etc. .
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September 2, 2024 8:29 AM EST (The Hindu) August 22, 2024 5:16 AM EST (BBC)Sport is a physical competition pursued for a goal or challenge. Sport has been and is a part of every culture, but each culture has its own definition of sport. The most useful definitions clarify sport's relationship to play, games, and contests. German theorist Karl Diem said, "Play is an activity without a purpose, an end in itself. Man works because he has to work, and plays because he wants to play. In other words, play has its own purpose. Play is spontaneous and unforced. Children who are forced by their parents or teachers to play soccer are not really playing sports. Neither would professional athletes if their only motivation was salary. In the real world, as a practical matter, motivations are often mixed and it is often impossible to judge. That said, clear definitions are essential to actually determine what is and what is not an example of play.
How are Olympic events chosen? Even tug-of-war was once a respectable Olympic event. (more)
There are at least two types of play. One is spontaneous, unconstrained play. Examples abound. A child finds a flat stone, picks it up, and skips it across the surface of a pond. An adult laughs and realizes that he has made an unintended pun. Both actions are unplanned and at least relatively free. Second Some types of play are regulated: there are rules that determine which actions are legal and which are not. These rules turn spontaneous play into a game, and can be defined as rule-bound or regulated play. Leapfrog, chess, "play house," and basketball are all games, some with simple rules and some governed by somewhat more complex rules. In fact, the rulebooks for games like basketball can be hundreds of pages long.
As a game, chess and basketball are obviously different from leaype flogs and rice. The first two games are competitive, but the other two are not. You can win a basketball game, but it doesn't make sense to ask who won in a leap frog game. In other words, chess and basketball are competitions.
The last distinction is to divide the contest into two types. It requires at least a minimum physical ability and not. Shuffle boards are the former good example, and the scrubble and monopoly of board games are the latter case. Of course, it is important to understand that even the simplest sport such as weighting requires some intellectual efforts. It is also important to understand that both the participants and the sports, which have the most human passion, needed much more advanced physical abilities than the shuffle board game. Beyond the times, the heroes of sports have demonstrated amazing strength, speed, stamina, endurance, and dexterity.
Britanica Quiz Sports quizCLICK HERE TO See Full-Size Table Sports can be defined as an autophyrick (performed for yourself). Based on this definition, a simple inverted tre e-shaped diagram can be created. Despite the clear definition, there are difficult problems. Is mountain climbing a sport? It is a sport if you understand the competition between the climbers and the mountains, or the competition for climbers to achieve the first climb. Is the Indianapolis 500 driver really an athlete? If you think you need at least some physical abilities to win the competition, they are an athletes. If there is a clear definition, you can give more or less satisfactory answers to such questions. You can't understand sports unless you start with the concept of sports. As a
History
No one knows when the sports started. I can't imagine the time when children did not spontaneous race or wrestling, so it is certain that children have always incorporated sports in play, but adults are sports as an autotelester competition for adults. I have no choice but to guess the appearance. Hunters are drawn in the art of the history of the history, but the hunter pursued the prey was forced to have a harsh need, or a delight like a sportsman. I don't know. However, it is clear that hunting eventually became the purpose of all ancient civilizations and images, and at least for royal and nobles. Archaeological evidence shows that the ball games were common among ancient ethnic groups, such as China and Aztec. If the ball game was a no n-competitive ritual performance like a Japanese soccer Kemari, but a competition, it would have been the most strictly defined sport. As clear from the evidence of the Greek Roman era, the ball games were mostly played, as recommended by Greek doctors Garen for health in the second century BC. 。
Traditional African sports
Unlimited access Please try Britanica Premium for free.It is unlikely that the 7t h-century Islamic conquest of North Africa has fundamentally changed traditional sports in the region. As long as the war fought with bow and arrows, the bow and arrow competition continued to work as a state of ready. The prophet, Muhammad, allows horses to horses, and not only horses but also camel races are being held under geographical conditions. The huntsters also enjoyed riding a horse.
Among the many plays in North Africa, the "Pilgrim's Mother's Ball" (TA KURT OM EL MAHAG) was a Belbert bat and ball competition, and its configuration was very similar to baseball. The wider Kura was similar to soccer. < SPAN> No one knows when sports have begun. I can't imagine the time when children did not spontaneous race or wrestling, so it is certain that children have always incorporated sports in play, but adults are sports as an autotelester competition for adults. I have no choice but to guess the appearance. Hunters are drawn in the art of the history of the history, but the hunter pursued the prey was forced to have a harsh need, or a delight like a sportsman. I don't know. However, it is clear that hunting eventually became the purpose of all ancient civilizations and images, and at least for royal and nobles. Archaeological evidence shows that the ball games were common among ancient ethnic groups, such as China and Aztec. If the ball game was a no n-competitive ritual performance like a Japanese soccer Kemari, but a competition, it would have been the most strictly defined sport. As clear from the evidence of the Greek Roman era, the ball games were mostly played, as recommended by Greek doctors Garen for health in the second century BC. 。
Unlimited access
Please try Britanica Premium for free.
It is unlikely that the 7t h-century Islamic conquest of North Africa has fundamentally changed traditional sports in the region. As long as the war fought with bow and arrows, the bow and arrow competition continued to work as a state of ready. The prophet, Muhammad, allows horses to horses, and not only horses but also camel races are being held under geographical conditions. The huntsters also enjoyed riding a horse.
Traditional Asian sports
Among the many plays in North Africa, the "Pilgrim's Mother's Ball" (TA KURT OM EL MAHAG) was a Belbert bat and ball competition, and its configuration was very similar to baseball. The wider Kura was similar to soccer. No one knows when the sports started. I can't imagine the time when children did not spontaneous race or wrestling, so it is certain that children have always incorporated sports in play, but adults are sports as an autotelester competition for adults. I have no choice but to guess the appearance. Hunters are drawn in the art of the history of the history, but the hunter pursued the prey was forced to have a harsh need, or a delight like a sportsman. I don't know. However, it is clear that hunting eventually became the purpose of all ancient civilizations and images, and at least for royal and nobles. Archaeological evidence shows that the ball games were common among ancient ethnic groups, such as China and Aztec. If the ball game was a no n-competitive ritual performance like a Japanese soccer Kemari, but a competition, it would have been the most strictly defined sport. As clear from the evidence of the Greek Roman era, the ball games were mostly played, as recommended by Greek doctors Garen for health in the second century BC. 。
Unlimited access
Please try Britanica Premium for free.
It is unlikely that the 7t h-century Islamic conquest of North Africa has fundamentally changed traditional sports in the region. As long as the war fought with bow and arrows, the bow and arrow competition continued to work as a state of ready. The prophet, Muhammad, allows horses to horses, and not only horses but also camel races are being held under geographical conditions. The huntsters also enjoyed riding a horse.
Among the many plays in North Africa, the "Pilgrim's Mother's Ball" (TA KURT OM EL MAHAG) was a Belbert bat and ball competition, and its configuration was very similar to baseball. The wider Kura was similar to soccer.
The cultural diversity of African blacks was incomparable to that of the northern coastal Arab ethnic group. The ball games were rare, but the wrestling was everywhere. The form and function of wrestling vary depending on the tribe. For the Nuba in southern Sudan, a ritual match that carefully decorated and carefully trained the male body was the main source of male status and reputation. The Rwanda's Tutchi and Futsu tribes are one of the ethnic groups fighting women. Among the various ethnic groups in Africa south of Sahara, wrestling games were a way to celebrate human abundance and the fertility of the earth and encourage them. For example, in southern Nigeria, the Ibo tribe participated in wrestling games every three months in the rainy season. The fierce battle was thought to bring the good harvest of corn (mazes) and yamimo to God. In the Gambian Diola tribe, adolescent boys and girls clearly performed wrestling, a pr e-marriage ritual. The male champion married a female champion. Boys and girls struggled with other tribes, such as the Nigeria Yara, the Benan Fongs, and the Congo Jabi tribes. In the Kore tribe, the sumo wrestling was the relatives of the bride and the groom. The battle of sticks, which seemed to have little to do with religious habits, was often seen in many tribes, such as the Zouru and the Congo Mpound.
Contests competing for runners and jumper were seen here and there on the continent. In the era of imperialism, explorers and colonial rulers were often surprised by these "primitive" ethnic skills. Kenya's Lift Valley runner runners ran a distance in a pace of European runners. Rwanda and Burgi's high jump players jumped up to an incredible height unless a picture of Adolf Friedrich Zoo Mecremburg's anthropology expedition was taken in the early 20th century. < SPAN> The cultural diversity of African blacks was incomparable to that of the northern coastal Arab ethnic group. The ball games were rare, but the wrestling was everywhere. The form and function of wrestling vary depending on the tribe. For the Nuba in southern Sudan, a ritual match that carefully decorated and carefully trained the male body was the main source of male status and reputation. The Rwanda's Tutchi and Futsu tribes are one of the ethnic groups fighting women. Among the various ethnic groups in Africa south of Sahara, wrestling games were a way to celebrate human abundance and the fertility of the earth and encourage them. For example, in southern Nigeria, the Ibo tribe participated in wrestling games every three months in the rainy season. The fierce battle was thought to bring the good harvest of corn (mazes) and yamimo to God. In the Gambian Diola tribe, adolescent boys and girls clearly performed wrestling, a pr e-marriage ritual. The male champion married a female champion. Boys and girls struggled with other tribes, such as the Nigeria Yara, the Benan Fongs, and the Congo Jabi tribes. In the Kore tribe, the sumo wrestling was the relatives of the bride and the groom. The battle of sticks, which seemed to have little to do with religious habits, was often seen in many tribes, such as the Zouru and the Congo Mpound.
Contests competing for runners and jumper were seen here and there on the continent. In the era of imperialism, explorers and colonial rulers were often surprised by these "primitive" ethnic skills. Kenya's Lift Valley runner runners ran a distance in a pace of European runners. Rwanda and Burgi's high jump players jumped up to an incredible height unless a picture of Adolf Friedrich Zoo Mecremburg's anthropology expedition was taken in the early 20th century. The cultural diversity of African blacks was incomparable to that of the northern coastal Arab ethnic group. The ball games were rare, but the wrestling was everywhere. The form and function of wrestling vary depending on the tribe. For the Nuba in southern Sudan, a ritual match that carefully decorated and carefully trained the male body was the main source of male status and reputation. The Rwanda's Tutchi and Futsu tribes are one of the ethnic groups fighting women. Among the various ethnic groups in Africa south of Sahara, wrestling games were a way to celebrate human abundance and the fertility of the earth and encourage them. For example, in southern Nigeria, the Ibo tribe participated in wrestling games every three months in the rainy season. The fierce battle was thought to bring the good harvest of corn (mazes) and yamimo to God. In the Gambian Diola tribe, adolescent boys and girls clearly performed wrestling, a pr e-marriage ritual. The male champion married a female champion. Boys and girls struggled with other tribes, such as the Nigeria Yara, the Benan Fongs, and the Congo Jabi tribes. In the Kore tribe, the sumo wrestling was the relatives of the bride and the groom. The battle of sticks, which seemed to have little to do with religious habits, was often seen in many tribes, such as the Zouru and the Congo Mpound.
Sports of the ancient Mediterranean world
Egypt
Contests competing for runners and jumper were seen here and there on the continent. In the era of imperialism, explorers and colonial rulers were often surprised by these "primitive" ethnic skills. Kenya's Lift Valley runner runners ran a distance in a pace of European runners. Rwanda and Burgi's high jump players jumped up to an incredible height unless a picture of Adolf Friedrich Zoo Mecremburg's anthropology expedition was taken in the early 20th century.
Crete and Greece
Long before European conquest introduced modern sports and marginalized indigenous customs, conversion to Islam tended to weaken, if not completely eliminate, the religious function of African sports. Zulu footballers rely on the services of inyanga ("witch doctors") as well as coaches and trainers.
As part of highly evolved civilizations, traditional sports in Asia are ancient and diverse. Competition was never simple. From the Islamic Middle East across the Indian subcontinent to China and Japan, wrestlers embodied and practiced the values of their cultures, although not exclusively male. The strength of the wrestlers was always more than a mere personal assertion. Often, the men who strained and struggled understood that they were involved in a religious endeavor. Prayers, incantations, and purification rituals were important elements of the hand-to-hand combat of Islamic wrestlers for centuries. It was not uncommon for the wrestler's skills to be combined with those of the mystic poet. Indeed, Mahmud Khwarezmi, the famous 14th-century Persian pahlavan (ritual wrestler), was both.
Rome
The location of sport in a religious context was typified by the spectacle of 50 strong Turks wrestling in Istanbul in 1582 to celebrate the circumcision of Murad III's son. When Indian wrestlers enter the akhāra (gymnasium), they commit themselves to the quest for holy living. Devout Hindus, they chant mantras while bending their knees and doing push-ups. In their fight against "pollution," they strictly control their diet, sexual habits, breathing, and even urination and defecation.
The religious aspects of Turkey and Iran's "power house" (a place where gymnastics is performed) faded considerably in the 20th century, but the elders in charge of Japanese sumo wrestling are Japanese sumo in Japan. In order to emphasize the claim that it is a unique expression of tradition, many Shinto elements have been added to the rituals of the competition. It can be slightly distinguished from sumo wrestling and martial arts with various forms of unarmed hands and hands classified as martial arts. The latter is military rather than religious, tools rather than expressive. China's martial arts ("military technique"), including untrained battles, have developed highly developed by the 3rd century BC. The unwarming technique was particularly prized in Chinese culture and had an important impact on South Korea, Japan and Southeast Asian martial arts. In the West, Varma Adi ("pierced the key points") and other other martial arts in South Asia are not well known. In the early modern era, as the unarmed battles were abolished, the emphasis of Asian martial arts tended to shift to religion. This change often appears in sports words. Japanese swordsmanship became kendo.
Armed (contrasting with unarmed) martial arts, one of the most important Asian warriors' life from the Arabian Peninsula to the Korean Peninsula. In particular, Japanese samurai practiced a lot of forms of archery, and probably the colorful Yabusame, probably the most colorful Yabusame. 220-270 meters). About 9 square inches (55 square centimeters) standing on a pillar of 23 to 36 feet (7 to 11 meters) of 23 to 36 feet (7 to 11 meters) from the course, at intervals of 235 to 295 feet (71. 5 to 90 meters). It was required to shoot continuously. In the case of Yabusame, accuracy was the most important.
In Turkey, where the combined bow of a tree and a corner was powerful, the shooters competed for the flight distance. In Istanbul's Okmeidanu ("Yaba"), there is a record of more than 2, 900 feet (884 meters) of Selim III in 1798. < SPAN> The religious aspects of Turkey and Iran's "power house" (places where weight and gymnastics are performed) faded considerably in the 20th century, but the elders in charge of Japanese sumo wrestling were sumo wrestling. In order to emphasize the claim that it is a unique expression of Japanese tradition, many Shinto elements have been added to the rituals of the competition. It can be slightly arbitrarily distinguished between sumo wrestling and martial arts with various forms of unarmed hands and hands classified as martial arts. The latter is military rather than religious, tools rather than expressive. China's martial arts ("military technique"), including untrained battles, have developed highly developed by the 3rd century BC. The unwarming technique was particularly prized in Chinese culture and had an important impact on South Korea, Japan and Southeast Asian martial arts. In the West, Varma Adi ("pierced the key points") and other other martial arts in South Asia are not well known. In the early modern era, as the unarmed battles were abolished, the emphasis of Asian martial arts tended to shift to religion. This change often appears in sports words. Japanese swordsmanship became kendo.
Sports in the Middle Ages
Armed (contrasting with unarmed) martial arts, one of the most important Asian warriors' life from the Arabian Peninsula to the Korean Peninsula. In particular, Japanese samurai practiced a lot of forms of archery, and probably the colorful Yabusame, probably the most colorful Yabusame. 220-270 meters). About 9 square inches (55 square centimeters) standing on a pillar of 23 to 36 feet (7 to 11 meters) of 23 to 36 feet (7 to 11 meters) from the course, at intervals of 235 to 295 feet (71. 5 to 90 meters). It was required to shoot continuously. In the case of Yabusame, accuracy was the most important.
In Turkey, where the combined bow of a tree and a corner was powerful, the shooters competed for the flight distance. In Istanbul's Okmeidanu ("Yaba"), there is a record of more than 2, 900 feet (884 meters) of Selim III in 1798. The religious aspects of Turkey and Iran's "power house" (a place where gymnastics is performed) faded considerably in the 20th century, but the elders in charge of Japanese sumo wrestling are Japanese sumo in Japan. In order to emphasize the claim that it is a unique expression of tradition, many Shinto elements have been added to the rituals of the competition. It can be slightly distinguished from sumo wrestling and martial arts with various forms of unarmed hands and hands classified as martial arts. The latter is military rather than religious, tools rather than expressive. China's martial arts ("military technique"), including untrained battles, have developed highly developed by the 3rd century BC. The unwarming technique was particularly prized in Chinese culture and had an important impact on South Korea, Japan and Southeast Asian martial arts. In the West, Varma Adi ("pierced the key points") and other other martial arts in South Asia are not well known. In the early modern era, as the unarmed battles were abolished, the emphasis of Asian martial arts tended to shift to religion. This change often appears in sports words. Japanese swordsmanship became kendo.
Armed (contrasting with unarmed) martial arts, one of the most important Asian warriors' life from the Arabian Peninsula to the Korean Peninsula. In particular, Japanese samurai practiced a lot of forms of archery, and probably the colorful Yabusame, probably the most colorful Yabusame. 220-270 meters). About 9 square inches (55 square centimeters) standing on a pillar of 23 to 36 feet (7 to 11 meters) of 23 to 36 feet (7 to 11 meters) from the course, at intervals of 235 to 295 feet (71. 5 to 90 meters). It was required to shoot continuously. In the case of Yabusame, accuracy was the most important.In Turkey, where the combined bow of a tree and a corner was powerful, the shooters competed for the flight distance. In Istanbul's Okmeidanu ("Yaba"), there is a record of more than 2, 900 feet (884 meters) of Selim III in 1798.
As seen in 16th and 17th century Mughal art, Indian aristocrats, like those throughout Asia, used bows and arrows for hunting and archery contests. Hunters on horseback displayed their toxophyllite skills as well as their equestrian skills. The Asian aristocracy's passion for horses can be traced back to Hittite times, but earlier they developed not only horse racing (universal throughout Asia) but also polo and a number of similar equestrian sports. These equestrian sports may be Asia's most distinctive contribution to the modern sports repertoire.
Polo probably developed from a much rougher game played by nomads in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Afghan buzkashi, which has survived into the 21st century, is characterized by a dusty melee in which hundreds of horse-riding tribes fight over the headless carcass of a goat. The winner is the brave rider who grabs the goat's legs and drags it away from the herd. Buzkashi was clearly a passion unbecoming of a civilized monarch, so polo took its place. A 6th-century Persian manuscript records polo being played during the reign of Hormuz I (271-273). The game was depicted by miniaturists and praised by Persian poets such as Ferdowsī (c. 935-1020) and Ḥāfeẓ (1325/26-1389/90). By 627, polo had spread throughout the Indian subcontinent and reached China, where it had become a craze among those wealthy enough to own horses. (As with many sports, the majority of polo players were men, but the 12th-century Persian poet Nehami praised the skill of Princess Shirin, and the many terracotta figures attest to the game being played by women of the Chinese aristocracy as well.) There were also ball games for ordinary men and women, played with carefully sewn leather stuffing, animal hats, or simple found objects like gourds, chunks of wood, or rolled stones, and ball games of all kinds were very popular among the Chinese. As early as the Eastern Han period (25-220 AD), there are references to a game of "boku-kyu," similar to modern soccer. A game similar to modern badminton was played as early as the 1st century. Finally, the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) scroll painting "Grove of Violets" shows elegantly dressed women playing chuiwan, a game similar to modern golf.
Sports in the Renaissance and modern periods
In ancient Egypt, sports were flourished, and Pharaoh showed off his hunting skills and bow and arrow strength and skills, and showed his aptitude as a ruler. However, Pharaoh, like Amen Hotep II (reigned 1426-1400 BCE), does not compete with anyone else at such an exhibition, and the reason why their extraordinary achievements were written by secretary. be. Nevertheless, the unrecognized Egyptians were wrestling, jumping, and playing ball games and sticks. The paintings of the tombs during the Chukoku period (1938-1630) discovered in Beni Hassan show that 406 wrestlers are performing skills.
Minoa characters are still confused by scholars, so it is unknown whether the picture in which Crettan boys and girls are trying acrobatic techniques against beef are sports or religious rituals. It is. The possibility that Crettans may have been both sports and rituals, suggested by Greek evidence, which had more cultural significance than anywhere else before the rise of modern sports. In Homeros's "Ilias", the first larg e-scale "sports report" found in the form of funeral competitions for dead patrocross, there are secular motivation and religious motivation. Mixed. On the other hand, the Odysseia competition is essentially secular. Odysseus was challenged by Fakeians to prove his skills as an athlete. In general, Greek culture contained both a cul t-like sport like the Olympics that honored the Zeus and a secular contest. < SPAN> In ancient Egypt, sports were thriving, and Pharaoh showed off the strength and skills of the bow and arrow, and showed off his aptitude as a ruler. However, Pharaoh, like Amen Hotep II (reigned 1426-1400 BCE), does not compete with anyone else at such an exhibition, and the reason why their extraordinary achievements were written by secretary. be. Nevertheless, the unrecognized Egyptians were wrestling, jumping, and playing ball games and sticks. The paintings of the tombs during the Chukoku period (1938-1630) discovered in Beni Hassan show that 406 wrestlers are performing skills.
Minoa characters are still confused by scholars, so it is unknown whether the picture in which Crettan boys and girls are trying acrobatic techniques against beef are sports or religious rituals. It is. The possibility that Crettans may have been both sports and rituals, suggested by Greek evidence, which had more cultural significance than anywhere else before the rise of modern sports. In Homeros's "Ilias", the first larg e-scale "sports report" found in the form of funeral competitions for dead patrocross, there are secular motivation and religious motivation. Mixed. On the other hand, the Odysseia competition is essentially secular. Odysseus was challenged by Fakeians to prove his skills as an athlete. In general, Greek culture contained both a cul t-like sport like the Olympics that honored the Zeus and a secular contest. In ancient Egypt, sports were flourished, and Pharaoh showed off his hunting skills and bow and arrow strength and skills, and showed his aptitude as a ruler. However, Pharaoh, like Amen Hotep II (reigned 1426-1400 BCE), does not compete with anyone else at such an exhibition, and the reason why their extraordinary achievements were written by secretary. be. Nevertheless, the unrecognized Egyptians were wrestling, jumping, and playing ball games and sticks. The paintings of the tombs during the Chukoku period (1938-1630) discovered in Beni Hassan show that 406 wrestlers are performing skills.
Minoa characters are still confused by scholars, so it is unknown whether the picture in which Crettan boys and girls are trying acrobatic techniques against beef are sports or religious rituals. It is. The possibility that Crettans may have been both sports and rituals, suggested by Greek evidence, which had more cultural significance than anywhere else before the rise of modern sports. In Homeros's "Ilias", the first larg e-scale "sports report" found in the form of funeral competitions for dead patrocross, there are secular motivation and religious motivation. Mixed. On the other hand, the Odysseia competition is essentially secular. Odysseus was challenged by Fakeians to prove his skills as an athlete. In general, Greek culture contained both a cul t-like sport like the Olympics that honored the Zeus and a secular contest.
The most famous connection between sports and religions is the Olympics in Greek tradition, which began in 776 BC. Eventually, Gaia, the goddess of the earth, worshiped in Olympia, was replaced by Zeus in the sky, and the priests who respect Zeus held a competition once every four years. The sacred competition was also held in Delph (respecting Apollon), Corin and Nemea. These four competitions were called the period competition, and the great players, such as Tasos therugens, were proud of all four stadiums. Most of the competitions contested in Greek's sacred competitions are still well known, but the most important competition was tank competitions. The special prestige given to the victory of athletic competitions is not only a literary praise (like the Pindal Poetry) and the visual commemorative (like the victory of the winner), but also the amateur spread by the 19th century philosopher Contrary to myths, it also brought material profits. Greeks were enthusiastic not only in sacred sports but also in secular sports, so as the word Gimnos shows, Polis (urban state) without a gymnasium where naked boys train and compete are appropriate. It was not considered a community. Except for militaristic Spartas, Greek women rarely participate in sports. Except for the Demeter shrine maiden), it was excluded from the Olympics. In the 2nd century traveler Pausanas wrote about women's races in Olympia, these competitions are
As in the Greek era, in the Roman and Byzantine era, tank competitions were one of the most popular sports games, but the Romans in the Republican era and early Empire had a great choice of Greek athletic competitions. Romans who emphasized physical movements for military preparation, which were important motivations in all ancient civilizations, prefer boxing, wrestling, and spear throwing rather than walking and throwing. Historian Livi states that Greek players appeared in Rome in 186 BC. To commemorate the victory of Antony and Cleopatra, Emperor Augustus held an Actius competition in 27 BC, and his successors began a similar competition, but the late Roman Empire, especially Emperor Hadrian (BC. For the first time in the era of 117-138), many elites became enthusiastic about the Greece athletics. < SPAN> The most famous connection between sports and religion is the Olympics in Greek tradition, which began in 776 BC. Eventually, Gaia, the goddess of the earth, worshiped in Olympia, was replaced by Zeus in the sky, and the priests who respect Zeus held a competition once every four years. The sacred competition was also held in Delph (respecting Apollon), Corin and Nemea. These four competitions were called the period competition, and the great players, such as Tasos therugens, were proud of all four stadiums. Most of the competitions contested in Greek's sacred competitions are still well known, but the most important competition was tank competitions. The special prestige given to the victory of athletic competitions is not only a literary praise (like the Pindal Poetry) and the visual commemorative (like the victory of the winner), but also the amateur spread by the 19th century philosopher Contrary to myths, it also brought material profits. Greeks were enthusiastic not only in sacred sports but also in secular sports, so as the word Gimnos shows, Polis (urban state) without a gymnasium where naked boys train and compete are appropriate. It was not considered a community. Except for militaristic Spartas, Greek women rarely participate in sports. Except for the Demeter shrine maiden), it was excluded from the Olympics. In the 2nd century traveler Pausanas wrote about women's races in Olympia, these competitions are
As in the Greek era, in the Roman and Byzantine era, tank competitions were one of the most popular sports games, but the Romans in the Republican era and early Empire had a great choice of Greek athletic competitions. Romans who emphasized physical movements for military preparation, which were important motivations in all ancient civilizations, prefer boxing, wrestling, and spear throwing rather than walking and throwing. Historian Livi stated that Greek players appeared in Rome in 186 BC. To commemorate the victory of Antony and Cleopatra, Emperor Augustus held an Actius competition in 27 BC, and his successors began a similar competition, but the late Roman Empire, especially Emperor Hadrian (BC. For the first time in the era of 117-138), many elites became enthusiastic about the Greece athletics. The most famous connection between sports and religions is the Olympics in Greek tradition, which began in 776 BC. Eventually, Gaia, the goddess of the earth, worshiped in Olympia, was replaced by Zeus in the sky, and the priests who respect Zeus held a competition once every four years. The sacred competition was also held in Delph (respecting Apollon), Corin and Nemea. These four competitions were called the period competition, and the great players, such as Tasos therugens, were proud of all four stadiums. Most of the competitions contested in Greek's sacred competitions are still well known, but the most important competition was tank competitions. The special prestige given to the victory of athletic competitions is not only a literary praise (like the Pindal Poetry) and the visual commemorative (like the victory of the winner), but also the amateur spread by the 19th century philosopher Contrary to myths, it also brought material profits. Greeks were enthusiastic not only in sacred sports but also in secular sports, so as the word Gimnos shows, Polis (urban state) without a gymnasium where naked boys train and compete are appropriate. It was not considered a community. Except for militaristic Spartas, Greek women rarely participate in sports. Except for the Demeter shrine maiden), it was excluded from the Olympics. In the 2nd century traveler Pausanas wrote about women's races in Olympia, these competitions are
As in the Greek era, in the Roman and Byzantine era, tank competitions were one of the most popular sports games, but the Romans in the Republican era and early Empire had a great choice of Greek athletic competitions. Romans who emphasized physical movements for military preparation, which were important motivations in all ancient civilizations, prefer boxing, wrestling, and spear throwing rather than walking and throwing. Historian Livi states that Greek players appeared in Rome in 186 BC. To commemorate the victory of Antony and Cleopatra, Emperor Augustus held an Actius competition in 27 BC, and his successors began a similar competition, but the late Roman Empire, especially Emperor Hadrian (BC. For the first time in the era of 117-138), many elites became enthusiastic about the Greece athletics.
Globalization
The Not-So-Hollywood History of Gladiators What Did Russell Crowe and Paul Mescal Get Into? (more)
The chariot races at the Circus Maximus in Rome drew even more spectators than the crowds that flocked to the Colosseum to enjoy gladiatorial combats. However, there is evidence that the latter event was more popular than the former. In fact, the munera, or man vs man, and venaciones, or man vs animal, were popular even in the Greek-speaking Eastern Empire, a place that historians once thought was free from bloodlust. The frequency of chariot races can also be explained by the fact that they were relatively inexpensive compared to the enormous costs of gladiatorial combat. The editors who staged the games usually rented gladiators from the lanistas (managers of gladiator troupes) and were required to pay for the losers who were executed in response to the "thumbs up" sign. Even though these fights were brutal, many of the gladiators were free men who volunteered; indeed, edicts were necessary to discourage aristocrats from participating. During the reign of Nero (54-68), female gladiators appeared in the arenas.
Roman circuses and Byzantine hippodromes continued chariot racing until the early 5th century, probably after gladiatorial contests were abolished due to Christian protests (and the huge economic costs). In many ways, chariot racing was extremely modern. Charioteers were divided into bureaucratically organized factions (e. g., "Blues" and "Greens"), inspiring loyalty among fans from Britain to Mesopotamia. Charioteers bragged about the number of victories, just as modern athletes brag about their "stats." But the gladiatorial games, like the Greek games before them, had a strong religious dimension. The first Roman combat sports, which began in 264 BC, probably derived from Etruscan funeral games, where deadly combat served as a memorial service for the dead. More than their cruelty, the idolatry of the games horrified Christians. Even after Constantine converted to Christianity in 337, chariot racing was able to survive for centuries because of its modest pagan religious associations.
Medieval European sports were not organized compared to classical classical classes. The trade fair and seasonal festivals were places where men lifted stone and grain bags, and women did smock racing (not a smock). The farmers' favorite sports were folk football, a married man, a single man, or the village and the village. The violence of this game, which survived in the United Kingdom and France until the late 19th century, is more likely to injure humanities in the Renaissance, such as Lord Thomas Elliott, than the interests of the participants. I blamed it.
The New Bourgeoisie of the Middle Ages and Renaissance enjoyed the archery match. When the town and the town competed for the skills, a group of crossbowman and Longbowman marched behind the symbols of St. George, St. Sebastian, and other sports supporters. It is not unusual for sports such as running, jumping, clubs, and wrestling for lowe r-class people participating in the game as an audience. A grand feast was held, and it was common for drunkenness to the feast. In the Germanic region, Pritzenkoenich was to protect the order and enjoy the crowd with skillful poems.
A knight's horse riding a hors e-riding knight pair is playing a horse spear match at the same time; woodcuts, 1565. (See more)
Revive the medieval hors e-spear game, learning the history of the medieval horse spear game. (Details)
Medieval townsfolk were welcome to watch the nobles' games but were not allowed to take part in tournaments, or in most parts of Europe, even to imitate their own tournaments. Tournaments were the privilege of medieval knights, and, along with hunting and falconry, were their pastime. In the teetering contests, in which lance-wielding knights tried to unhorse one another, knights practiced the art of war, which was their raison d'être. They displayed their prowess before lords, ladies, and commoners, and profited not only from valuable prizes but also from ransoms exacted from the losers. From the 12th to the 16th centuries, the dangerously wild and freewheeling nature of the early tournaments evolved into dramatic representations of court life, with elaborate pageants and allegorical stagings often masking the incompetent jousting. Danger remained in the spectacle. In 1559, at one of the last great tournaments, Henry II of France was mortally wounded by a lance shard. While peasant women were free to take part in medieval balls and foot races, and noblewomen hunted and kept falcons, middle-class women were content to watch. And yet in Heian Japan, from the 8th to the 12th centuries, they were more active than their contemporaries. Confined to their homes, bound by layers of robes, Japanese women could only peek behind screens at the horseback archery contests of the courtiers.
By the time of the Renaissance, sports had become entirely secular, but in the minds of the 17th-century Czech educator John Amos Comenius and other humanists, interest in physical education, which was considered the classical model, overshadowed the competitive aspects of sports. In fact, the elite of the 15th and 16th centuries preferred dance to sports and took pleasure in geometric patterns of movement. Influenced by the ballet that developed in France during this period, choreographers trained horses to move gracefully, not to win races. French and Italian fencers, such as the famous Girard Thibault, who published "L'Académie de l'espée" (The Academy of Fencing) in 1628, considered their activity more as an art than as a battle. The Nordic peoples imitated them. The English and Germans, who were inclined towards humanism, admired the cultured football of Florence, calcio. In the world of sports, aesthetics were valued more than achievement. While aesthetic elements remain in sports such as figure skating, diving, and gymnastics, today the emphasis is generally on quantified achievement. Indeed, the transition from the Renaissance to modern sports can be seen as a semantic shift. The word measure, which once meant balance and proportion, came to refer almost exclusively to numerical measurement.
The dramatic transition from the Renaissance to modern sports was driven by the development of science that supported the Industrial Revolution. Engineers sought to perfect equipment. Athletes trained systematically to achieve physical maximums. New sports such as basketball, volleyball, and team handball were consciously designed with specifications as if they were new products for the market. As early as the late 17th century, quantification became an important aspect of sports, laying the cultural foundation for the concept of a sports record. The word record, in the sense of an outstanding, quantified achievement, first appeared in English and other languages in the late 19th century, but the concept dates back nearly 200 years.
Since the development of modern sports began in England in the late 17th century, it was reasonable that the concept of sports records appeared there for the first time. Traditional entertainment, such as stick art and bullfighting that Puritan blamed and driven underground from the ancient period to the 18th century, was organized by cricket developed under the guidance of the Merylbone Cricket Club (established in 1787). It was replaced by the game that was played. Behind this change was a new concept of rational competition. The competition that seems to be strange in the modern sense, such as a person with a disabled child, is replaced by a horse racing that hands a handicap on a more agile horse, and the concept of equality is eventually many modern. It led to an age and weight class (not a height class) in sports. The traditional sport boxing was thriving through the 18th century, but in 1743, a boxer and entrepreneur, Jack Broton, formulated the rules for rationalization and regulation of the sports. Broton's minimum regulations on the turbulence imposed were enhanced in 1867 by Marquis Queens Berry.
In the 19th century, the modern sport in the UK spread from the privileged class to the common. A nationwide organization has developed to standardize rules and rules, change sporadic challenge matches into a systematic league match, certify participation qualifications, and register results.
The first boat competition (crew), one of the first modern sports, was held for the first time between Oxford University and Cambridge University (1829), and Henry Regatta was held (1839). ) Later, I began to attract fans. Oxford University and Cambridge University held the first athletics competition in 1864, and the "Athletics" became popular. The Amateur Athletics Association, which focused on athletics, was established in 1880 in 1880. < SPAN> The development of modern sports began in England in the late 17th century, so it was reasonable that the concept of sports records appeared there for the first time. Traditional entertainment, such as stick art and bullfighting that Puritan blamed and driven underground from the ancient period to the 18th century, was organized by cricket developed under the guidance of the Merylbone Cricket Club (established in 1787). It was replaced by the game that was played. Behind this change was a new concept of rational competition. The competition that seems to be strange in the modern sense, such as a person with a disabled child, is replaced by a horse racing that hands a handicap on a more agile horse, and the concept of equality is eventually many modern. It led to an age and weight class (not a height class) in sports. The traditional sport boxing was thriving through the 18th century, but in 1743, a boxer and entrepreneur, Jack Broton, formulated the rules for rationalization and regulation of the sports. Broton's minimum regulations on the turbulence imposed were enhanced in 1867 by Marquis Queens Berry.
In the 19th century, the modern sport in the UK spread from the privileged class to the common. A nationwide organization has developed to standardize rules and rules, change sporadic challenge matches into a systematic league match, certify participation qualifications, and register results.
The first boat competition (crew), one of the first modern sports, was held for the first time between Oxford University and Cambridge University (1829), and Henry Regatta was held (1839. ) Later, I began to attract fans. Oxford University and Cambridge University held the first athletics competition in 1864, and the "Athletics" became popular. The Amateur Athletics Association, which focused on athletics, was established in 1880 in 1880. Since the development of modern sports began in England in the late 17th century, it was reasonable that the concept of sports records appeared there for the first time. Traditional entertainment, such as stick art and bullfighting that Puritan blamed and driven underground from the ancient period to the 18th century, was organized by cricket developed under the guidance of the Merylbone Cricket Club (established in 1787). It was replaced by the game that was played. Behind this change was a new concept of rational competition. The competition that seems to be strange in modern sense, such as a physically handicapped person, is replaced by a horse racing that hands a handicap on a more agile horse, and the concept of equality is eventually many modern. It led to an age and weight class (not a height class) in sports. The traditional sport boxing was thriving through the 18th century, but in 1743, a boxer and entrepreneur, Jack Broton, formulated the rules for rationalization and regulation of the sports. Broton's minimum regulations on the turbulence imposed were enhanced in 1867 by Marquis Queens Berry.
Cunard Queen Anne ship review
In the 19th century, the modern sport in the UK spread from the privileged class to the common. A nationwide organization has developed to standardize rules and rules, change sporadic challenge matches into a systematic league match, certify participation qualifications, and register results.
The first boat competition (crew), one of the first modern sports, was held for the first time between Oxford University and Cambridge University (1829), and Henry Regatta was held (1839). ) Later, I began to attract fans. Oxford University and Cambridge University held the first athletics competition in 1864, and the "Athletics" became popular. The Amateur Athletics Association, which focused on athletics, was established in 1880 in 1880.
Neither sports were popular like associations football. Various versions of football played at elite schools such as Eaton, Winchester, and Charter House School were systematized in the 1840s, and the England Football Association was established in 1863, and the "Associations Football" (simply It has become known as "soccer"). In 1871, the Rugby Football Association was established. Most of the soccer associations and their affiliated clubs were initially dominated by middle and upper classes, but at the end of the century, soccer was definitely a "popular game." For example, Manchester United, one of the most historic teams in the UK, reaches a club established by railway workers in the city in 1880.
Cunard's continued mantra
Even though the worke r-class athletes are not the administrators, they have been participating in soccer and other sports as a participant, so that the middle class and upper classes in the UK have formulated amateur rules. 。
From the British Islands, modern sports (and amateur rules) have spread around the world. Like a tennis (derived from France during the Renaissance period), sports that originally started in another place were modernized, and exported as if it were exported as a finished product by processing the raw materials imported by British industries. It was done.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the United Kingdom expanded France from Canada and India and expanded Britain to most of Africa. That's why crickets are now gaining in popularity in Australia, South Asia and the West Indian Islands. Rugby football is also flourished in other postcolonial culture, such as New Zealand and South Africa, which was once dominated by Britain. However, it was the fate that Associate Football became the most popular contemporary sport in the world. < SPAN> Neither sports were popular like associations football. Various versions of football played at elite schools such as Eaton, Winchester, and Charter House School were systematized in the 1840s, and the England Football Association was established in 1863, and the "Associations Football" (simply It has become known as "soccer"). In 1871, the Rugby Football Association was established. Most of the soccer associations and their affiliated clubs were initially dominated by middle and upper classes, but at the end of the century, soccer was definitely a "popular game." For example, Manchester United, one of the most historic teams in the UK, reaches a club established by railway workers in the city in 1880.
Even though the worke r-class athletes are not the administrators, they have been participating in soccer and other sports as a participant, so that the middle class and upper classes in the UK have formulated amateur rules. 。
From the British Islands, modern sports (and amateur rules) have spread around the world. Like a tennis (derived from France during the Renaissance period), sports that originally started in another place were modernized, and exported as if it were exported as a finished product by processing the raw materials imported by British industries. It was done.
Queen Anne: A new golden era of travel
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the United Kingdom expanded France from Canada and India and expanded Britain to most of Africa. That's why crickets are now gaining in popularity in Australia, South Asia and the West Indian Islands. Rugby football is also flourished in other postcolonial culture, such as New Zealand and South Africa, which was once dominated by Britain. However, it was the fate that Associate Football became the most popular contemporary sport in the world. Neither sports were popular like associations football. Various versions of football played at elite schools such as Eaton, Winchester, and Charter House School were systematized in the 1840s, and the England Football Association was established in 1863, and the "Associations Football" (simply It has become known as "soccer"). In 1871, the Rugby Football Association was established. Most of the soccer associations and their affiliated clubs were initially dominated by middle and upper classes, but at the end of the century, soccer was definitely a "popular game." For example, Manchester United, one of the most historic teams in the UK, reaches a club established by railway workers in the city in 1880.
Even though the worke r-class athletes are not the administrators, they have been participating in soccer and other sports as a participant, so that the middle class and upper classes in the UK have formulated amateur rules. 。
From the British Islands, modern sports (and amateur rules) have spread around the world. Like a tennis (derived from France during the Renaissance period), sports that originally started in another place were modernized, and exported as if it were exported as a finished product by processing the raw materials imported by British industries. It was done.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the United Kingdom expanded France from Canada and India and expanded Britain to most of Africa. That's why crickets are now gaining popularity in Australia, South Asia and the West India Islands. Rugby football is also flourished in other postcolonial culture, such as New Zealand and South Africa, which was once dominated by Britain. However, it was the fate that Associate Football became the most popular contemporary sport in the world.
The cricket and rugby seemed to need British rule. Soccer needed only the British economic and cultural influence. For example, in Buenos Aires, British residents founded crickets and many other sports clubs, but the Agentine's passion was the Buenos Aires Football Club, established on June 20, 1867. 。 In most cases, the first soccer was the international elite international sons, many of which were sent to a British school in the UK. In search of status, the middl e-class employees of British companies also followed the upper class. From the various games played by upper and middle classes, European and Latin American industrial workers, like indigenous people in Africa, incorporated football as their own.
Early baseball game in Hobuken, New Baseball Game, an early baseball game (1859) held. (See more)
In the latter half of the 19th century, the United States began to lined up in the United Kingdom as an industrial power and as a modern sports invention. Baseball enthusiastic fans have denied that British games such as cat games and Rounders have originated, and created a myth of Abnard Double Day, which was allegedly invented in Cooperz Town, New York in 1839. Ta. Cat & Rounders turned into a baseball in 1845 when a New York banker, Alexander Cartrite, formulated the rules for the Nicker Bocker Baseball Club. Prior to the Civil War, the game was handed over to urban workers, including volunteers of volunteers who organized New York Mutuals in 1857. By the time the National League was founded in 1876, the game spread from the coast to the coast. (However, it was in the 1950s that the major league established the first franchise on the west coast).Queen Anne's suites and cabins
Both the basketball invented by James Nace Miss in 1891 and the volleyball invented four years later by William Morgan are typical modern sports. Both were scientifically devised to meet the needs to play games indoors during the severe winter of New England.
Football (soccer) is the world's most popular ball games, but in areas where the economic and cultural impact of the United States was dominant, baseball, basketball, and volleyball charms tended to exceed football. For example, baseball was boomed by Nemesio Giyo in Cuba in 1863, and in Japan in 1873, American educator Holes Wilson taught Japanese students. Both basketball and volleyball were devised under the support of YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association), so YMCA officials brought this competition back to China, Japan and the Philippines, and established in the early 20th century. It seemed reasonable to do it. However, after World War II, the influence of the United States has become overwhelming, and basketball and volleyball have gained worldwide popularity.
The origin of American football dates back in 1874 that the rugby team at Magil University in Montreal went on an expedition to Cambridge, Massachusetts and challenged the Harvard University student team. Rugby, adopted by American students, developed into a grid iron football, which became a major game for university competition. Despite the establishment of the National Football League in 1920 ($ 100 per franchise), after World War II, the football joined the baseball and basketball to form a "trinity" of American sports. Was relatively minor. (The ice hockey imported from Canada is fourth in the competition of fans of team sports).
French people also played an important role in the dramatic global spread of modern sports. The modernization of tennis, born in France during the Renaissance, was left to British Walter Wingfield, but the development of bicycles and the spread of bicycle races were in the early 19th century. The first Paris Rouen Race was held in 1869, and the Tour de France began in 1903. The great success of Tour de France affected Giro de Italy (1909) and many other lon g-distance races. < SPAN> Football (soccer) is the world's most popular ball games, but in areas where the economic and cultural impact of the United States was dominant, the charm of baseball, basketball, and volleyball tends to exceed football. Ta. For example, baseball was boomed by Nemesio Giyo in Cuba in 1863, and in Japan in 1873, American educator Holes Wilson taught Japanese students. Both basketball and volleyball were devised under the support of YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association), so YMCA officials brought this competition back to China, Japan and the Philippines, and established in the early 20th century. It seemed reasonable to do it. However, after World War II, the influence of the United States has become overwhelming, and basketball and volleyball have gained worldwide popularity.
Queen Anne: Dining at sea
In 1874, the origin of American football dates back to the Rugby Team of Maggill University in Montreal on expedition to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and challenged the Harvard University student team. Rugby, adopted by American students, developed into a grid iron football, which became a major game for university competition. Despite the establishment of the National Football League in 1920 ($ 100 per franchise), after World War II, the football joined the baseball and basketball to form a "trinity" of American sports. Was relatively minor. (The ice hockey imported from Canada is fourth in the competition of fans of team sports).
French people also played an important role in the dramatic global spread of modern sports. The modernization of tennis, born in France during the Renaissance, was left to British Walter Wingfield, but the development of bicycles and the spread of bicycle races were in the early 19th century. The first Paris Rouen Race was held in 1869, and the Tour de France began in 1903. The great success of Tour de France affected Giro de Italy (1909) and many other lon g-distance races. Football (soccer) is the world's most popular ball games, but in areas where the economic and cultural impact of the United States was dominant, baseball, basketball, and volleyball charms tended to exceed football. For example, baseball was boomed by Nemesio Giyo in Cuba in 1863, and in Japan in 1873, American educator Holes Wilson taught Japanese students. Both basketball and volleyball were devised under the support of YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association), so YMCA officials brought this competition back to China, Japan and the Philippines, and established in the early 20th century. It seemed reasonable to do it. However, after World War II, the influence of the United States has become overwhelming, and basketball and volleyball have gained worldwide popularity.
The origin of American football dates back in 1874 that the rugby team at Magil University in Montreal went on an expedition to Cambridge, Massachusetts and challenged the Harvard University student team. Rugby, adopted by American students, developed into a grid iron football, which became a major game for university competition. Despite the establishment of the National Football League in 1920 ($ 100 per franchise), after World War II, the football joined the baseball and basketball to form a "trinity" of American sports. Was relatively minor. (The ice hockey imported from Canada is fourth in the competition of fans of team sports).
French people also played an important role in the dramatic global spread of modern sports. The modernization of tennis, born in France during the Renaissance, was left to British Walter Wingfield, but the development of bicycles and the spread of bicycle races were in the early 19th century. The first Paris Rouen Race was held in 1869, and the Tour de France began in 1903. The great success of Tour de France affected Giro de Italy (1909) and many other lon g-distance races.
The French people left footprints in sports in another sense. At a meeting held at the University of Solbonne in Paris in 1894, Pierre de Coubertan selected the first member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and arranged for the first modern Olympics in Athens in 1896. did. In 1904, Robert Gerean established the International Football Federation (FIFA), led a group of soccer lovers, but the England's Football Association initially refused to join with a too arrogant attitude. The English name of the International Amateur Athletics Federation (1912 and 2001, the International Athletics Federation, IAAF) suggests that the UK was more cooperative in athletics than soccer, but the founder of IAAF is founder. It was a Swedish businessman Sig Frid Edtrom.
Japan is one of the few no n-western countries where traditional sports are as popular as modern sports, and one of the few no n-western countries that contributes to modern sports repertoire. In 1882, Judo, a Judo devised by Jugoro Kano to combine the Western and Asian traditions, gained the support of Europeans in the early 20th century. In 1964, Judo became an Olympic event.
From 1952, when the Soviet Union escaped from sports, to 1991, when the Soviet Socialist Federation disappeared, East Europe's communist society swept the Olympics. For example, in 1988, the Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany) with a population of about 16 million overwhelmed the United States, which had 15 times the land. Anabolic steroids and other prohibited drugs contributed to East Germany's victory, but it must be evaluated for being relentlessly applied for scientific methods in search of the ultimate sports performance. Due to the collapse of communism, the elite sports supported by the nation have weakened in East Europe, but by Western European countries have sponsored scientific research, providing subsidies to elite athletes, and building vast training centers. , I began to imitate the hostile athlete. < SPAN> French people left footprints in sports in another sense. At a meeting held at the University of Solbonne in Paris in 1894, Pierre de Coubertan selected the first member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and arranged for the first modern Olympics in Athens in 1896. did. In 1904, Robert Gerean established the International Football Federation (FIFA), led a group of soccer lovers, but the England's Football Association initially refused to join with a too arrogant attitude. The English name of the International Amateur Athletics Federation (1912 and 2001, the International Athletics Federation, IAAF) suggests that the UK was more cooperative in athletics than soccer, but the founder of IAAF is founder. It was a Swedish businessman Sig Frid Edtrom.
Keeping fit: Queen Anne's facilities
Japan is one of the few no n-western countries where traditional sports are as popular as modern sports, and one of the few no n-western countries that contributes to modern sports repertoire. In 1882, Judo, a Judo devised by Jugoro Kano to combine the Western and Asian traditions, gained the support of Europeans in the early 20th century. In 1964, Judo became an Olympic event.
From 1952, when the Soviet Union escaped from sports, to 1991, when the Soviet Socialist Federation disappeared, East Europe's communist society swept the Olympics. For example, in 1988, the Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany) with a population of about 16 million overwhelmed the United States, which had 15 times the land. Anabolic steroids and other prohibited drugs contributed to East Germany's victory, but it must be evaluated for being relentlessly applied for scientific methods in search of the ultimate sports performance. Due to the collapse of communism, the elite sports supported by the state have become weakened in East Europe, but by Western European countries have become sponsors of scientific research, providing subsidies to elite athletes, and building a vast training center. , I began to imitate the hostile athlete. The French people left footprints in sports in another sense. At a meeting held at the University of Solbonne in Paris in 1894, Pierre de Coubertan selected the first member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and arranged for the first modern Olympics in Athens in 1896. did. In 1904, Robert Gerean established the International Football Federation (FIFA), led a group of soccer lovers, but the England's Football Association initially refused to join with a too arrogant attitude. The English name of the International Amateur Athletics Federation (1912 and 2001, the International Athletics Federation, IAAF) suggests that the UK was more cooperative in athletics than soccer, but the founder of IAAF is founder. It was a Swedish businessman Sig Frid Edtrom.
Japan is one of the few no n-western countries where traditional sports are as popular as modern sports, and one of the few no n-western countries that contributes to modern sports repertoire. In 1882, Judo, a Judo devised by Jugoro Kano to combine the Western and Asian traditions, gained the support of Europeans in the early 20th century. In 1964, Judo became an Olympic event.
From 1952, when the Soviet Union escaped from sports, to 1991, when the Soviet Socialist Federation disappeared, East Europe's communist society swept the Olympics. For example, in 1988, the Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany) with a population of about 16 million overwhelmed the United States, which had 15 times the land. Anabolic steroids and other prohibited drugs contributed to East Germany's victory, but it must be evaluated for being relentlessly applied for scientific methods in search of the ultimate sports performance. Due to the collapse of communism, the elite sports supported by the state have become weakened in East Europe, but by Western European countries have become sponsors of scientific research, providing subsidies to elite athletes, and building a vast training center. , I began to imitate the hostile athlete.
In the 20th century, sports have not only spatial diffusion but also social diffusion. African Americans, Australia's Aboriginal, South Africa's Cape Colored, and other eliminated races and ethnic groups have gained the right to participate in sports after long and bitter struggles. Women also gained the right to participate in original masculine sports, such as rugby, after a long struggle.
The homeland of modern sports may be considered to be the British Islands, but modern physical education can dates back to the development of Germany and Scandinavia from late 18th to the early 19th century. Johann Johann's Johann's Johann's Johan's Johann Crystov Friedrich Guts Mus and Sweden's Pale Henrick Rings were elaborately created a gymnastics system and eventually adopted in British, American and Japanese school systems. Such no n-competitive exercises to replace modern sports were actively held in East Europe from the late 19th to the early 20th century. Gymnastics have become almost a part of their life among oppressed ethnic groups, such as Polish and the Czech. For them, gymnastics was a grand place where tens of thousands of disciplined men and women show ethnic enthusiasm.Onboard cultural activities
However, elementary school students and university students around the world, who are learning gymnastics in physical education classes, did not see much gymnastics. The flexible exercises devised to improve health and physical strength were boring and boring compared to modern sports excitement. Before the end of the 20th century, even German educators abandoned Leibeserziehung ("physical education") and supported Sportunterricht ("Sports Guidance"). Old, young, good or bad, sports are the world's passion.
Cunard knows how to treat guests with royal treatment, such as grand piano, sweeping stairs, and white gloves.
Cunard's latest passenger ship Queen Ann has all the gorgeous 20s. Only men who smoke cigars in a tuxedo. Deck 12 has a cigar lounge.
Since its founding, Cunard has attracted famous passengers, from Charles Dickens to Judy Garland. So, if you are invited to Queen Ann's presentation, I will always prepare a shine. < SPAN> In the 20th century, sports have not only spatial diffusion but also social diffusion. African Americans, Australia's Aboriginal, South Africa's Cape Colored, and other eliminated races and ethnic groups have gained the right to participate in sports after long and bitter struggles. Women also gained the right to participate in original masculine sports, such as rugby, after a long struggle.
The homeland of modern sports may be considered to be the British Islands, but modern physical education can dates back to the development of Germany and Scandinavia from late 18th to the early 19th century. Johann Johann's Johann's Johann's Johan's Johann Crystov Friedrich Guts Mus and Sweden's Pale Henrick Rings were elaborately created a gymnastics system and eventually adopted in British, American and Japanese school systems. Such no n-competitive exercises to replace modern sports were actively held in East Europe from the late 19th to the early 20th century. Gymnastics have become almost a part of their life among oppressed ethnic groups, such as Polish and the Czech. For them, gymnastics was a grand place where tens of thousands of disciplined men and women show ethnic enthusiasm.
However, elementary school students and university students around the world, who are learning gymnastics in physical education classes, did not see much gymnastics. The flexible exercises devised to improve health and physical strength were boring and boring compared to modern sports excitement. Before the end of the 20th century, even German educators abandoned Leibeserziehung ("physical education") and supported Sportunterricht ("Sports Guidance"). Old, young, good or worse, sports are the passion of the world.Queen Anne: The ultimate drama Queen
Cunard knows how to treat guests with royal treatment, such as grand piano, sweeping stairs, and white gloves.
Cunard's latest passenger ship Queen Ann has all the gorgeous 20s. Only men who smoke cigars in a tuxedo. Deck 12 has a cigar lounge.
Since its founding, Cunard has attracted famous passengers, from Charles Dickens to Judy Garland. So, if you are invited to Queen Ann's presentation, I will always prepare a shine. In the 20th century, sports have not only spatial diffusion but also social diffusion. African Americans, Australia's Aboriginal, South Africa's Cape Colored, and other eliminated races and ethnic groups have gained the right to participate in sports after long and bitter struggles. Women also gained the right to participate in original masculine sports, such as rugby, after a long struggle.
The homeland of modern sports may be considered to be the British Islands, but modern physical education can go back to the development of Germany and Scandinavia from late 18th to the early 19th century. Johann Johann's Johann's Johann's Johan's Johann Crystov Friedrich Guts Mus and Sweden's Pale Henrick Rings were elaborately created a gymnastics system and eventually adopted in British, American and Japanese school systems. Such no n-competitive exercises to replace modern sports were actively held in East Europe from the late 19th to the early 20th century. Gymnastics have become almost a part of their life among oppressed ethnic groups, such as Polish and the Czech. For them, gymnastics was a grand place where tens of thousands of disciplined men and women show ethnic enthusiasm.
However, elementary school students and university students around the world, who are learning gymnastics in physical education classes, did not see much gymnastics. The flexible exercises devised to improve health and physical strength were boring and boring compared to modern sports excitement. Before the end of the 20th century, even German educators abandoned Leibeserziehung ("physical education") and supported Sportunterricht ("Sports Guidance"). Old, young, good or bad, sports are the world's passion.
Cunard knows how to treat guests with royal treatment, such as grand piano, sweeping stairs, and white gloves.
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