The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons

The report documents the incarceration rates of white, black, and Latino Americans in each state, identifies three drivers of racial and ethnic disparities in incarceration, and offers recommendations for reform.

Related Articles Racial Justice, Incarceration

Photo: JIM LO SCALZO/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock

Executive Summary

In 2020, the world was given a stark look at the most racist elements of the U. S. criminal legal system when former Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin killed George Floyd with his knee on his neck. The uprising that followed Floyd's death clarified a vision for transforming policing practices and investments. Nearly a year later, Chauvin was convicted in Floyd's death, a rare outcome among law enforcement officers who kill unarmed citizens. But the fight for racial justice in the criminal legal system continues. The data findings in this report emblematic of the magnitude of the challenge.

This report details our findings that there are staggering disparities between black and Latino incarcerated people in the United States, given their share of the general population. Recent data on people incarcerated in state prisons reveal that black people are incarcerated at roughly five times the rate of white people. In the current era of criminal justice reform, there has been insufficient emphasis on eliminating racial and ethnic disparities throughout the system.

Going to prison is a life-changing event that creates obstacles to building a stable life in the community, such as obtaining employment or finding stable, safe housing after release. Incarceration also reduces lifetime earnings and negatively impacts the lives of children of incarcerated parents. 1 These are individual-level consequences of incarceration, but there are also societal-level consequences. High incarceration in communities leads to higher crime rates and poorer neighborhood conditions, widening disparities. 2 This cycle plays out disproportionately for black people, both individually and socially. It is clear that today's outcomes of mass incarceration did not happen by chance, but were engineered by policies created by a dominant white culture that advocates for the oppression of others.

At the same time, states are beginning to reduce mass incarceration. Nine states have reduced their prison populations by 30% or more in recent years: Alaska, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Alabama, Rhode Island, Vermont, Hawaii, and California. 3 This reduction was achieved through policy and practice reforms that reduced prison admissions and prison time. Yet the United States remains a world leader in incarceration, 4 including more than 1. 2 million people incarcerated in state prisons nationwide. 5 Truly meaningful reforms to the criminal justice system cannot be achieved without acknowledging its racist roots. Eliminating racial disparities requires immediate and focused attention to their causes and consequences. Real progress toward a racially just system requires understanding racial and ethnic inequities in prison sentences that vary across states and the policies and everyday practices that reinforce these inequities. 6

The report documents the incarceration rates of whites, African Americans, and Latinos, showing the racial and ethnic makeup of each state and the percentage of disparities. 7 The Sentencing Project has conducted state-level estimates twice before, 8 and once again found staggering disparities.

Blacks are incarcerated in state prisons at roughly five times the rate of whites.

Key findings

1. Nationwide, 1 in 81 black adults is serving time in state prison. Wisconsin leads the nation in black incarceration rates, with 1 in 36 black Wisconsinites serving time in prison.
2. Twelve states have more than half of their prison populations being black: Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia.
3. In seven states, California, Connecticut, Iowa, Maine, Minnesota, New Jersey, and Wisconsin, the disparity between white and black incarceration is greater than 9:1.
4. Latinos are incarcerated in state prisons at 1. 3 times the rate of whites. The largest ethnic disparity is in Massachusetts, where the disparity is 4. 1:1.
5. Eliminate mandatory sentences for all crimes. Mandatory minimum sentences, habitual offender laws, and the forced transfer of juveniles to the adult criminal system give excessive power to prosecutors while limiting the discretion of impartial judges. These policies have led to significant increases in sentences and time served, and impose disproportionately harsh sentences on Black and Latino individuals.

Recommendations

1. Require prospective and retroactive racial impact statements for all criminal laws. The Sentence Project urges states to adopt projective estimates that calculate the impact of proposed crime bills on different groups to minimize or eliminate the racial disparity effects of specific laws and policies. Several states have passed "racial impact statement" laws. However, to undo the racial and ethnic disparities that have resulted from decades of tough-on-crime policies, states should also repeal existing racially biased laws and policies. If racial impact laws are only positive, their impacts will be modest at best.
2. Decriminalize low-level drug offenses. Cease arrests and prosecutions for low-level drug offenses. Low-level drug offenses often lead to the accumulation of criminal records that disproportionately accumulate in communities of color. These criminal records typically lead to greater involvement in the criminal legal system.
3. Clear, T. (2009). Imprisoning communities: How mass incarceration makes worse disadvantaged communities. Oxford University Press. Pager, D. (2007). Marked: Race, crime, and finding work in an era of mass incarceration. University of Chicago Press; Western, B. (2007). Punishment and Inequality in America. Russell Sage Foundation.; Wildman, C., Goldman, A. W., & amp; Turney, K., (2018). Parental Incarceration and Child Health in the United States. Epidemiologic Reviews, 40(1), 146-158.

Footnotes

Clear, T. (2009). Imprisoning communities: How mass incarceration makes worse disadvantaged communities. Oxford University Press.

Ghandnoosh, N. (2021). Wait 60 years to cut prison populations in half? The Sentencing Project.

Among countries with populations of 100, 000 or more.

Carson, E. A. (2021). Prisoners in 2019. Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Neill, K. A., Yusuf, J., & amp; Morris, J. C. (2014). Explaining dimensions of state-level punitiveness in the United States: The role of social, economic, and cultural factors. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 26(2), 751-772.

This report presents data limited to three categories because white, black, and Latino inmates make up the majority of incarcerated people.

Mauer, M. & amp; King, R. (2007). Uneven justice: State rates of incarceration by race and ethnicity. The Sentencing Project; Nellis, A. (2016). The color of justice: The color of justice: Racial and ethnic disparity in state prisons. The Sentencing Project.

Clear, T. (2009). Imprisoning communities: Imprisoning communities: How mass incarceration makes worse disadvantaged communities. Oxford University Press; Pager, D. (2007). Marked: Race, crime, and finding work in an era of mass incarceration. University of Chicago Press; Western, B. (2007). Punishment and Inequality in America. Russell Sage Foundation.; Wildman, C., Goldman, A. W., & amp; Turney, K., (2018). Parental incarceration and child health in the United States. Epidemiologic Reviews, 40(1), 146-158.

Clear, T. (2009). Imprisoning communities: How mass incarceration makes worse disadvantaged communities. Oxford University Press.

Ghandnoosh, N. (2021). Wait 60 years to cut prison populations in half? The Sentencing Project.

Among countries with populations of 100, 000 or more.

Carson, E. A. (2021). Prisoners in 2019. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Neill, K. A., Yusuf, J., & amp; Morris, J. C. (2014). Explaining dimensions of state-level punitiveness in the United States: The role of social, economic, and cultural factors. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 26(2), 751-772.

This report presents data limited to three categories because white, black, and Latino inmates make up the majority of incarcerated people.

Mauer, M. & amp; King, R. (2007). Uneven justice: State rates of incarceration by race and ethnicity. The Sentencing Project; Nellis, A. (2016). The color of justice: The color of justice: Racial and ethnic disparity in state prisons. The Sentencing Project.

Clear, T. (2009). Imprisoning communities: Imprisoning communities: How mass incarceration makes worse disadvantaged communities. Oxford University Press; Pager, D. (2007). Marked: Race, crime, and finding work in an era of mass incarceration. University of Chicago Press; Western, B. (2007). Punishment and Inequality in America. Russell Sage Foundation.; Wildman, C., Goldman, A. W., & amp; Turney, K., (2018). Parental incarceration and child health in the United States. Epidemiologic Reviews, 40(1), 146-158.

Related Topics

• Incarceration
• This report responds to the request made to the IPCC in the Decision of the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to adopt the Paris Agreement1 to “submit in 2018 a special report on the impacts of global warming of 1. 5°C above pre-industrial levels and associated global greenhouse gas emission pathways.”

Summary for Policymakers

The IPCC accepted this request in April 2016 and decided to prepare this Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1. 5°C above pre-industrial levels and associated global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and poverty eradication efforts.

The Summary for Policymakers (SPM) presents the key findings of the Special Report based on an assessment of the available scientific, technical, and socio-economic literature2 relevant to global warming of 1. 5°C and global warming of 1. 5°C above pre-industrial levels compared to 2°C above pre-industrial levels. The level of confidence associated with each key finding is reported using the IPCC calibration language3. The scientific basis underlying each key finding is indicated by reference to the chapter elements. The SPM identifies knowledge gaps relevant to each chapter of the report.

Share *SPM. 1 Core concepts of this report A. 1. Human activities are estimated to have caused global warming of about 1. 0°C above pre-industrial levels, ranging from 0. 8°C to 1. 2°C. If global warming continues to increase at its current pace, it is likely to reach 1. 5°C between 2030 and 2052 (high confidence) (Figure SPM. 1) A. 1. 1. Reflecting a long-term warming trend since pre-industrial times, observed global mean temperature (GMST) for the decade 2006-2015 was 0. 87°C (likely 0. 75°C to 0. 99°C)6 higher than the 1850-1900 average (very high confidence). Estimated anthropogenic global warming is consistent with observed warming levels within ±20% (likely range). Estimated anthropogenic global warming has increased by 0. 2°C per decade (likely between 0. 1°C and 0. 3°C) due to past and present emissions (high confidence).

A

Understanding Global Warming of 1.5°C*

A. 1. 2. Many land regions and seasons, including two to three times the Arctic, have warmed above the global annual average. Warming has generally been greater over land than in the oceans (high confidence).

A. 1. 3. Trends in the intensity and frequency of some climate and weather extremes have been detected over a period during which approximately 0. 5°C of global warming has occurred (medium confidence). This assessment is based on several lines of evidence, including attribution studies of changes in extremes since 1950.

A. 2. Warming from the emission of artificial origin from before the Industrial Revolution continues for several centuries to thousands of years, and continues to cause further lon g-term changes in climate systems such as the rise in the sea level. It will have an effect (high reliability), but these excretion alone is unlikely to cause 1. 5 ° C global warming (moderate reliability). (Figure SPM. 1)

A. 2. 1. The emission of human origin up to now (including greenhouse gas, aerosol and its precursor) is 20 to 30 years (high reliability) or 100 years (moderate reliability). It is unlikely that further warming exceeding 0. 5 ° C will be driven.

A. 2. 2. CO, an artificial origin of the world

Make the emissions open zero and co

If radiation force decreases, global warming, which is originated in humanity in several decades, will be stopped (high religion). And the highest temperature to reach is the net co

Cumulative CO until the emissions become zero

Exhaust amount (high religion) and co₂It is determined by the level of radiation force. For a longer time scale, the global CO₂Exhaust amount and CO₂Radiation enforcement is necessary to prevent the feedback of the earth system, to prevent the marine acidization (in the reliability), and to minimize the rise in the sea surface (reliability). High).₂A. 3. Climat e-related risks for nature and human systems are higher than today when global warming is 1. 5 ° C, but lower than 2 ° C (high reliability). These risks depend on the magnitude and speed of global warming, geographical position, development level and vulnerability, adaptation measures and easing measures (high reliability). (Figure SPM. 2)₂A. 3. 1. The impact of global warming on nature and human systems has already been observed (high reliability). Many land, marine ecosystems, and part of the services provided by them have already changed due to global warming (high reliability). (Figure SPM. 2) < SPAN> A. 2. Warming due to the excretion of artificial origin from before the industrial revolution continues for several centuries to thousands of years, and for more lon g-term climate systems such as the rise of the sea surface. It will continue to cause a typical change and have an accompanying impact (high reliability), which is unlikely to cause 1. 5 ° C global warming (moderate reliability). (Figure SPM. 1)₂A. 2. 1. The emission of human origin up to now (including greenhouse gas, aerosol and its precursor) is 20 to 30 years (high reliability) or 100 years (moderate reliability). It is unlikely that further warming exceeding 0. 5 ° C will be driven.₂A. 2. 2. CO, an artificial origin of the world

Make the emissions open zero and co

If radiation force decreases, global warming, which is originated in humanity in several decades, will be stopped (high religion). And the highest temperature to reach is the net co

Cumulative CO until the emissions become zero

Exhaust amount (high religion) and co

Figure SPM.1

A. 1. 2. Many land regions and seasons, including two to three times the Arctic, have warmed above the global annual average. Warming has generally been greater over land than in the oceans (high confidence).

Panel a: Observed monthly global mean surface temperature (GMST, grey line up to 2017, from the HadCRUT4, GISTEMP, Cowtan–Way, and NOAA datasets) change and estimated anthropogenic global warming (solid orange line up to 2017, with orange shading indicating assessed likely range). Orange dashed arrow and horizontal orange error bar show respectively the central estimate and […]

Exhaust amount and CO

Radiation enforcement is necessary to prevent the feedback of the earth system, to prevent the marine acidization (in the reliability), and to minimize the rise in the sea surface (reliability). High).

B

Projected Climate Change, Potential Impacts and Associated Risks

A. 1. 2. Many land regions and seasons, including two to three times the Arctic, have warmed above the global annual average. Warming has generally been greater over land than in the oceans (high confidence).

A. 3. 1. The impact of global warming on nature and human systems has already been observed (high reliability). Many land, marine ecosystems, and part of the services provided by them have already changed due to global warming (high reliability). (Figure SPM. 2) A. 2. Warming due to the excretion of the human origin from the industrial revolution continues for several centuries to thousands of years, and more lon g-term changes in climate systems such as the rise of the sea surface. It is unlikely that these emissions will cause 1. 5 ° C global warming (moderate reliability) (moderate reliability) will continue to cause (high reliability). (Figure SPM. 1)

A. 2. 1. The emission of human origin up to now (including greenhouse gas, aerosol and its precursor) is 20 to 30 years (high reliability) or 100 years (moderate reliability). It is unlikely that further warming exceeding 0. 5 ° C will be driven.

A. 2. 2. CO, an artificial origin of the world

Make the emissions open zero and co

If radiation force decreases, global warming, which is originated in humanity in several decades, will be stopped (high religion). And the highest temperature to reach is the net co

Cumulative CO until the emissions become zero

Exhaust amount (high religion) and co

It is determined by the level of radiation force. For a longer time scale, the global CO

Exhaust amount and CO

Radiation enforcement is necessary to prevent the feedback of the earth system, to prevent the marine acidization (in the reliability), and to minimize the rise in the sea surface (reliability). High).

A. 3. Climat e-related risks for nature and human systems are higher than today when global warming is 1. 5 ° C, but lower than 2 ° C (high reliability). These risks depend on the magnitude and speed of global warming, geographical position, development level and vulnerability, adaptation measures and easing measures (high reliability). (Figure SPM. 2)

A. 3. 1. The impact of global warming on nature and human systems has already been observed (high reliability). Many land, marine ecosystems, and part of the services provided by them have already changed due to global warming (high reliability). (Figure SPM. 2)

A. 3. 2. Future climat e-related risks vary depending on the speed, peak, and period of global warming. As a whole, when global warming gradually stabilizes at 1. 5 ° C (for example, peak temperature is about 2 ° C), risks exceed 1. 5 ° C before returning to that level by 2100. Large (high reliability). Several impacts may be lon g-term or irreversible, such as the disappearance of the ecosystem (high religion).

A. 3. 3. Adaptation and easing have already occurred (high reliability). Future climat e-related risks will be reduced by both a wide range of multifaceted and across climate easing and accelerating climate easing, and gradual and transformed.

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Panel A: HadCrut4, gistemp, COWTAN-WAY, NOAA datasets, and the changes in the monthly average surface surface temperature (GMST, gray line until 2017), estimated human origin. Global warming (the orange solid line up to 2017, orange network shows an evaluation range). The orange line arrow and horizontal orange error bars have a high range of the central estimation at the time when the current global warming speed continues to be 1. 5 ° C. The gray plum on the right side of the panel A has a linearly decreased CO2 net emission (panel B and C lines of panel B and C) linearly from 2020 and has become zero net in 2055, and net radiation force other than CO2 (CO2). The gray line of panel D) has a high possibility of a simple climate reaction calculated by a simple climate model on the fixed route (virtual future), which increases to 2030 and decreases. I am. The blue plume of the panel A) shows a reaction to a faster CO2 emission reduction (the blue line of panel B), reaching zero net in 2040, reducing the cumulative CO2 emission (panel C). Purple plums have responded when the CO2 net emissions have decreased to zero in 2055, and the no n-CO2 net enforcement is constant even after 2030 or later. The vertical error bar on the right side of the panel a) is a range that is possible (fine lines) and about 3 minutes in the center (33 to 66 % (33 to 66 %), which is possible (fine lines) under 210 0-year, under the three standardized routes. It shows a thick line). The vertical dotted errors of panel B, C, and D indicate the possible range of past annual average temperature and accumulated temperature in 2100.₂The interactive version of the SPM. 1 was designed and produced by Stuart Genkins and Miles Allen of the Oxford University Physics and Environmental Institute of Physical Institute, with the support of the British Natural Environmental Research Council. To see this figure, click this link spm. 1: Interactive diagram

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B. 1. The climate model predicts a certain difference in regional climate characteristics between the current and 1. 5 ° C warming 8, and the 1. 5 ° C and 2 ° C temperature 9 at 2 ° C. These differences include an average temperature rising (high reliability) in most land and oceans, the extreme phenomenon of high temperature (high reliability) in most residential areas, and a large amount of precipitation in several areas. Includes the degree of reliability), the probability of drought and lack of driver in some regions (moderate reliability).

B. 1. 1. Evidence obtained from the extreme changes in climate and weather due to global warming of about 0. 5 ° C is further 0. 5 ° C warming than now, further changes in these extreme changes. It supports the evaluation of being associated with the detected change (reliability is moderate). Compared to the before the industrial revolution, the temperature, intensity, and / or amount of heavy rain in many areas due to global warming up to 1. 5 ° C (high reliability) in many areas, frequency, strength, and / or amount in several regions. It is evaluated that several regional climate changes, including increased (high reliability), and several regions, including drought strength and frequency (medium reliability).

B. 1. 2. Extreme temperature on land is expected to rise (high reliability): Up to about 3 ° C for extreme hot temperature days with medium latitude, up to about 3 ° C. In the case of 2 ° C, it rises up to about 4 ° C, and a high latitude extreme low temperature night rises up to about 4. 5 ° C at 1. 5 ° C, and up to about 6 ° C for 2 ° C (high reliability). The number of days on hot days is expected to increase in most land areas and to increase the most in tropical regions (high religion). The interactive version of the < SPAN> SPM. 1 was designed and produced by Stuart Genkins and Miles Allen of the Oxford University Physics and Environmental Dynamics Institute, with the support of the British Natural and Natural Environmental Research Council. To see this figure, click this link spm. 1: Interactive diagram

share₂B. 1. The climate model predicts a certain difference in regional climate characteristics between the current and 1. 5 ° C warming 8, and the 1. 5 ° C and 2 ° C temperature 9 at 2 ° C. These differences include an average temperature rising (high reliability) in most land and oceans, the extreme phenomenon of high temperature (high reliability) in most residential areas, and a large amount of precipitation in several areas. Includes the degree of reliability), the probability of drought and lack of driver in some regions (moderate reliability).

B. 1. 1. Evidence obtained from the extreme changes in climate and weather due to global warming of about 0. 5 ° C is further 0. 5 ° C warming than now, further changes in these extreme changes. It supports the evaluation of being associated with the detected change (reliability is moderate). Compared to the before the industrial revolution, the temperature, intensity, and / or amount of heavy rain in many areas due to global warming up to 1. 5 ° C (high reliability) in many areas, frequency, strength, and / or amount in several regions. It is evaluated that several regional climate changes, including increased (high reliability), and several regions, including drought strength and frequency (medium reliability).

B. 1. 2. Extreme temperature on land is expected to rise (high reliability): Up to about 3 ° C for extreme hot temperature days with medium latitude, up to about 3 ° C. In the case of 2 ° C, it rises up to about 4 ° C, and a high latitude extreme low temperature night rises up to about 4. 5 ° C at 1. 5 ° C, and up to about 6 ° C for 2 ° C (high reliability). The number of days on hot days is expected to increase in most land areas and to increase the most in tropical regions (high religion). The interactive version of the SPM. 1 was designed and produced by Stuart Genkins and Miles Allen of the Oxford University Physics and Environmental Institute of Physical Institute, with the support of the British Natural Environmental Research Council. To see this figure, click this link spm. 1: Interactive diagram

share

B. 1. The climate model predicts a certain difference in regional climate characteristics between the current and 1. 5 ° C warming 8, and the 1. 5 ° C and 2 ° C temperature 9 at 2 ° C. These differences include an average temperature rising (high reliability) in most land and oceans, the extreme phenomenon of high temperature (high reliability) in most residential areas, and a large amount of precipitation in several areas. Includes the degree of reliability), the probability of drought and lack of driver in some regions (moderate reliability).

B. 1. 1. Evidence obtained from the extreme changes in climate and weather due to global warming of about 0. 5 ° C is further 0. 5 ° C warming than now, further changes in these extreme changes. It supports the evaluation of being associated with the detected change (reliability is moderate). Compared to the before the industrial revolution, the temperature, intensity, and / or amount of heavy rain in many areas due to global warming up to 1. 5 ° C (high reliability) in many areas, frequency, strength, and / or amount in several regions. It is evaluated that several regional climate changes, including increased (high reliability), and several regions, including drought strength and frequency (medium reliability).

B. 1. 2. Extreme temperature on land is expected to rise (high reliability): Up to about 3 ° C for extreme hot temperature days with medium latitude, up to about 3 ° C. In the case of 2 ° C, it rises up to about 4 ° C, and a high latitude extreme low temperature night rises up to about 4. 5 ° C at 1. 5 ° C, and up to about 6 ° C for 2 ° C (high reliability). The number of days on hot days is expected to increase in most land areas and to increase the most in tropical regions (high religion).

B. 1. 3. The risk of drought and lack of precipitation is predicted to be higher in some areas compared to 1. 5 ° C. at 2 ° C (reliability is moderate). In the high latitudes of some Northern Hemisphere and / or high latitudes, East Ajiri, and eastern North America, the risk of heavy rain is expected to be higher than 1. 5 ° C in global warming (reliability is (reliability). Middle). Heavy rain associated with tropical cyclones is expected to be higher than 1. 5 ° C. at 2 ° C (reliability is moderate). In other areas, the reliability of the prediction of heavy rain changes at 2 ° C is generally lower than 1. 5 ° C. If it is tabulated on a global scale, a large amount of precipitation is expected in case of 2 ° C than 1. 5 ° C in global warming (reliability is medium). As a result of a large amount of precipitation, the ratio of land area in the world affected by flood disaster is expected to be larger at 2 ° C than 1. 5 ° C (reliability is medium).

B. 2. By 2100, the world's average sea level rise is expected to be about 0. 1 m lower in warming at 1. 5 ° C for global warming at 2 ° C (in reliability). The rise in the sea level continues since 2100 (high religion), and its size and speed depend on future emission routes. If the speed of rising sea levels is slow, you can get more opportunities for human and ecosystem systems in Kojima, lo w-flat coastal areas, and delta zones (reliability is moderate).

Figure SPM.2

A. 1. 2. Many land regions and seasons, including two to three times the Arctic, have warmed above the global annual average. Warming has generally been greater over land than in the oceans (high confidence).

Five integrative reasons for concern (RFCs) provide a framework for summarizing key impacts and risks across sectors and regions, and were introduced in the IPCC Third Assessment Report. RFCs illustrate the implications of global warming for people, economies and ecosystems. Impacts and/or risks for each RFC are based on assessment of the new literature that […]

B. 2. 2. Even if global warming in the 21st century is suppressed to 1. 5 ° C, the sea level rise will continue after 2100 (high religion). The unstable loss of the marine ice sheet in Antarctica and / or / or the Greenland ice sheet can lead to the rise of several meters over several hundred to thousands of years. These instability can be caused by global warming of about 1. 5 ° C to 2 ° C (moderate reliability). (Figure SPM. 2)

B. 2. 3. The progress of global warming is that for many humans and ecological systems, such as an increase in seawater invasion, floods, and infrastructure damage, the risk associated with the rise of the sea surface, the lo w-flat coastal area, and the triangular states are sparse. Increase the opportunity to do (high reliability). The risk associated with the sea level rising is 2 ° C higher than 1. 5 ° C. 1. 5 ° C warming will slow down the sea level rise, reducing these risks, increasing the opportunity to adapt to the management and recovery of the coastal natural ecosystem and strengthening infrastructure (reliability is moderate). 。 (Figure SPM. 2)

B. 3. On land, it is predicted that the effects of biodiversity and ecosystem, including species losses and extinction, are reduced by 1. 5 ° C. at 1. 5 ° C compared to 2 ° C. It is predicted that by suppressing global warming to 1. 5 ° C from 2 ° C, the effects of land, freshwater, and coastal areas will be reduced, and more human ecosystem services for humans will be maintained. (High reliability). (Figure SPM. 2)

B. 3. 1. Of the 105, 000 species surveyed, 6 % of insects, 8 % of plants, and 4 % of vertebrates lose more than half of the geographical scope determined by 1. 5 ° C. It is predicted to lose 18 % of insects, 16 % of plants, and 8 % of vertebrates in 2 ° C warming (in reliability). The impact on risk associated with other biological diversity, such as forest fires and the diffusion of alien species, is lower (high reliability) at 1. 5 ° C (high reliability) compared to 2 ° C temperature warming.

B. 3. 2. It is predicted that about 4 % of the world land land area (about 2-7 % in four minutes) will be changed from a type of 1 ° C to another type at 1 ° C to another type. On the other hand, it is predicted to be 13 % (about 8 to 20 % in a fou r-minute range) at 2 ° C. global warming (in reliability). This indicates that at 1. 5 ° C, compared to 2 ° C, the area that is exposed to risk is expected to decrease by about 50%(reliability is moderate).

B. 3. 3. High latitude tundra and northern forests are particularly exposed to deterioration and loss of climate change, and Kimono shrubs have already invaded tundra (high reliability). It is predicted that by reducing global warming to 1. 5 ° C instead of 2 ° C, it can prevent melting in several centuries in permanent frozen soil areas of 1. 5 million to 2. 5 million km2 (reliability is medium). < SPAN> B. 2. 3. The progress of global warming is that for many human and ecological systems, such as an increase in seawater invasion, floods, and damage to infrastructure, the risk due to the rise of the sea surface, the lower coastal area, and the lower coastal area. Increase the opportunity to be exposed to the Sanjong State (high religion). The risk associated with the sea level rising is 2 ° C higher than 1. 5 ° C. 1. 5 ° C warming will slow down the sea level rise, reducing these risks, increasing the opportunity to adapt to the management and recovery of the coastal natural ecosystem and strengthening infrastructure (reliability is moderate). 。 (Figure SPM. 2)

C

Emission Pathways and System Transitions Consistent with 1.5°C Global Warming

A. 1. 2. Many land regions and seasons, including two to three times the Arctic, have warmed above the global annual average. Warming has generally been greater over land than in the oceans (high confidence).

B. 3. 1. Of the 105, 000 species surveyed, 6 % of insects, 8 % of plants, and 4 % of vertebrates lose more than half of the geographical scope determined by 1. 5 ° C. It is predicted to lose 18 % of insects, 16 % of plants, and 8 % of vertebrates in 2 ° C warming (in reliability). The impact on risk associated with other biological diversity, such as forest fires and the diffusion of alien species, is lower (high reliability) at 1. 5 ° C (high reliability) compared to 2 ° C temperature warming.₂B. 3. 2. It is predicted that about 4 % of the world land land area (about 2-7 % in four minutes) will be changed from a type of 1 ° C to another type at 1 ° C to another type. On the other hand, it is predicted to be 13 % (about 8 to 20 % in a fou r-minute range) at 2 ° C. global warming (in reliability). This indicates that at 1. 5 ° C, compared to 2 ° C, the area that is exposed to risk is expected to decrease by about 50%(reliability is moderate).₂B. 3. 3. High latitude tundra and northern forests are particularly exposed to deterioration and loss of climate change, and Kimono shrubs have already invaded tundra (high reliability). It is predicted that by reducing global warming to 1. 5 ° C instead of 2 ° C, it can prevent melting in several centuries in permanent frozen soil areas of 1. 5 million to 2. 5 million km2 (reliability is medium). B. 2. 3. The progress of global warming is that for many humans and ecological systems, such as an increase in seawater invasion, floods, and infrastructure damage, the risk associated with the rise of the sea surface, the lo w-flat coastal area, and the triangular states are sparse. Increase the opportunity to do (high reliability). The risk associated with the sea level rising is 2 ° C higher than 1. 5 ° C. 1. 5 ° C warming will slow down the sea level rise, reducing these risks, increasing the opportunity to adapt to the management and recovery of the coastal natural ecosystem and strengthening infrastructure (reliability is moderate). 。 (Figure SPM. 2)₂B. 3. On land, it is predicted that the effects of biodiversity and ecosystem, including species losses and extinction, are reduced by 1. 5 ° C. at 1. 5 ° C compared to 2 ° C. It is predicted that by suppressing global warming to 1. 5 ° C from 2 ° C, the effects of land, freshwater, and coastal areas will be reduced, and more human ecosystem services for humans will be maintained. (High reliability). (Figure SPM. 2)

B. 3. 1. Of the 105, 000 species surveyed, 6 % of insects, 8 % of plants, and 4 % of vertebrates lose more than half of the geographical scope determined by 1. 5 ° C. It is predicted to lose 18 % of insects, 16 % of plants, and 8 % of vertebrates in 2 ° C warming (in reliability). The impact on risk associated with other biological diversity, such as forest fires and the diffusion of alien species, is lower (high reliability) at 1. 5 ° C (high reliability) compared to 2 ° C temperature warming.₂B. 3. 2. It is predicted that about 4 % of the world land land area (about 2-7 % in four minutes) will be changed from a type of 1 ° C to another type at 1 ° C to another type. On the other hand, it is predicted to be 13 % (about 8 to 20 % in a fou r-minute range) at 2 ° C. global warming (in reliability). This indicates that at 1. 5 ° C, compared to 2 ° C, the area that is exposed to risk is expected to decrease by about 50%(reliability is moderate).

B. 3. 3. High latitude tundra and northern forests are particularly exposed to deterioration and loss of climate change, and Kimono shrubs have already invaded tundra (high reliability). It is predicted that by reducing global warming to 1. 5 ° C instead of 2 ° C, it can prevent melting in several centuries in permanent frozen soil areas of 1. 5 million to 2. 5 million km2 (reliability is medium).₂B. 4. Limiting global warming to 1. 5°C compared to 2°C is projected to limit the increase in ocean temperature and the associated increase in ocean acidity and decrease in marine oxygen concentration (high confidence). As a result, limiting global warming to 1. 5°C is projected to reduce risks to marine biodiversity, fisheries, ecosystems, and their functions and services to humans, as illustrated by recent changes in Arctic sea ice and warm-water coral reef ecosystems (high confidence).₂B. 4. 1. The probability of the absence of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during summer is significantly reduced at 1. 5°C global warming compared to 2°C (high confidence). At 1. 5°C warming, the probability of Arctic Ocean summer sea ice occurrence is projected to be once per century. This probability increases to at least once per decade at 2°C warming. The impacts of temperature overshoot on Arctic sea ice extent are reversible on a decadal basis (high confidence).₂B. 4. 2. Global warming of 1. 5°C is projected to shift the ranges of many marine species to higher latitudes and increase damage to many ecosystems. It is also projected to promote the loss of coastal resources and reduce the productivity of fisheries and aquaculture (especially at low latitudes). The risk of climate-induced impacts is projected to be higher for 2°C of global warming than for 1. 5°C (high confidence). For example, coral reefs are projected to experience an additional 70-90% decline at 1. 5°C (high confidence) and even greater losses (> 99%) at 2°C (very high confidence). The risk of irreversible loss of many marine and coastal ecosystems increases with global warming, especially above 2°C (high confidence).

B. 4. 3. Levels of ocean acidification due to CO2 concentrations associated with global warming are projected to amplify the adverse effects of warming and to increase further at 2°C, affecting the growth, development, calcification, survival, and therefore abundance of a wide range of species, from algae to fish (high confidence).₂B. 4. 4. The impact of climate change in the ocean increases the risk of fisheries and aquaculture through the impact of physiology, survival, habitat, growth, breeding, occurrence of diseases, and risk of exotic species. ), It is predicted that it is less than 2 ° C at 1. 5 ° C in global warming. For example, a global fishery model has a decrease in annual marine fisheries in global warming 1. 5 ° C, whereas the annual catch is about 1. 5 million tons, while global warming 2 ° C. I predicted that it was the above (in reliability).₂B. 5. Health, life, food security, water supply, human security, and climat e-related risks for economic growth are expected to increase at 1. 5 ° C. at 2 ° C. (Figure SPM. 2)₂B. 5. 1. 1. 5 ° C and the population groups, which are at risk of disproportionate effects due to global warming, depends on the disadvantaged position, some indigenous people, agriculture and coastal livelihood. Includes local communities (high reliability). In areas that are unlikely to be unbalanced include the Arctic ecosystem, dried land, developed small islands, and developing countries (highly convinced). As global warming progresses, it is expected that poverty and disadvantageous situations will increase in some people. By reducing global warming to 1. 5 ° C compared to 2 ° C, it can be exposed to climat e-related risks and can reduce the number of people who are susceptible to poverty by 2050 (conviction. : Middle).₂B. 5. 2. It is predicted that the increase in global warming will affect human health and mainly cause negative results (high reliability). At 1. 5 ° C, the risk of 2 ° C is expected to be 2 ° C (highly convinced), and the amount required for ozone formation remains high depending on the heating rate and mortality ratio related to heat, and is related to ozone. A low risk of mortality is also predicted (high conviction). Heat islands in the city often amplify the effects of thermal wave in cities (highly convinced). The risk of some kind of mediative disease, such as malaria and dengue fever, is expected to increase by 1. 5 ° C to 2 ° C (high reliability), including potential movements in the geographical range (high reliability).₂B. 5. 3. When global warming is suppressed to 1. 5 ° C compared to 2 ° C., especially in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America, especially in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America, the latest net decrease in the yield of other cereal crops. Is expected to be smaller.₂-Remed and wheat nutritional quality (high reliability). In Sahel, southern African, Mediterranean, central Europe, and Amazon, the expected decrease in food use is larger when global warming is 1. 5 ° C (in reliability). Livestock is expected to be adversely affected by the temperature rise, depending on the degree of feed quality, the spread of disease, and changes in the use of water resources.₂B. 5. 4. Depending on the future soci o-economic conditions, the percentage of world population, which is exposed to water stress due to climate change by suppressing global warming to 1. 5 ° C compared to 2 ° C. Although there is a variation, it may decrease up to 50 % (reliability: middle). If global warming is limited to 1. 5 ° C than 2 ° C., as a result of the expected change in drying, water stress in many small island development countries may decrease (reliability is moderate. )₂B. 5. 5. The risk of world economic growth due to climate change is expected to be 1. 5 ° C in the case of 2 ° C by the end of the world (reliability is moderate). 。 This excludes the cost of relaxation, adaptation investment, and adaptable benefits. If global warming rises from 1. 5 ° C to 2 ° C, tropical and Southern Hemisphere subtropical countries are expected to have the largest effect on economic growth due to climate change (reliability is moderate).₂B. 5. 6. While global warming rises from 1. 5 ° C to 2 ° C, exposure to multiple complex climat e-related risks has increased, and in Africa and Asia, such exposure and influence of poverty. The percentage of people who are susceptible (high reliability) increases. In global warming from 1. 5 ° C to 2 ° C, the risks over each energy, food, and water sectors overlap in spatial and time, creates new dangers, exposure, vulnerabilities, and worsens current dangers, exposure, and vulnerabilities. There is a possibility that it will affect more people and regions (reliability: middle). < SPAN> -Rice and wheat nutritional quality (high reliability). In Sahel, southern African, Mediterranean, central Europe, and Amazon, the expected decrease in food use is larger when global warming is 1. 5 ° C (in reliability). Livestock is expected to be adversely affected by the temperature rise, depending on the degree of feed quality, the spread of disease, and changes in the use of water resources.₂B. 5. 4. Depending on the future soci o-economic conditions, the percentage of world population, which is exposed to water stress due to climate change by suppressing global warming to 1. 5 ° C compared to 2 ° C. Although there is a variation, it may decrease up to 50 % (reliability: middle). If global warming is limited to 1. 5 ° C than 2 ° C., as a result of the expected change in drying, water stress in many small island development countries may decrease (reliability is moderate. )₂B. 5. 5. The risk of world economic growth due to climate change is expected to be 1. 5 ° C in the case of 2 ° C by the end of the world (reliability is moderate). 。 This excludes the cost of relaxation, adaptation investment, and adaptable benefits. If global warming rises from 1. 5 ° C to 2 ° C, tropical and Southern Hemisphere subtropical countries are expected to have the largest effect on economic growth due to climate change (reliability is moderate).₂B. 5. 6. While global warming rises from 1. 5 ° C to 2 ° C, exposure to multiple complex climat e-related risks has increased, and in Africa and Asia, such exposure and influence of poverty. The percentage of people who are susceptible (high reliability) increases. In global warming from 1. 5 ° C to 2 ° C, the risks over each energy, food, and water sectors overlap in spatial and time, creates new dangers, exposure, vulnerabilities, and worsens current dangers, exposure, and vulnerabilities. There is a possibility that it will affect more people and regions (reliability: middle). -Remed and wheat nutritional quality (high reliability). In Sahel, southern African, Mediterranean, central Europe, and Amazon, the expected decrease in food use is larger when global warming is 1. 5 ° C (in reliability). Livestock is expected to be adversely affected by the temperature rise, depending on the degree of feed quality, the spread of disease, and changes in the use of water resources.₂B. 5. 4. Depending on the future soci o-economic conditions, the percentage of world population, which is exposed to water stress due to climate change by suppressing global warming to 1. 5 ° C compared to 2 ° C. Although there is a variation, it may decrease up to 50 % (reliability: middle). If global warming is limited to 1. 5 ° C than 2 ° C., as a result of the expected change in drying, water stress in many small island development countries may decrease (reliability is moderate. )₂B. 5. 5. The risk of world economic growth due to climate change is expected to be 1. 5 ° C in the case of 2 ° C by the end of the world (reliability is moderate). 。 This excludes the cost of relaxation, adaptation investment, and adaptable benefits. If global warming rises from 1. 5 ° C to 2 ° C, tropical and Southern Hemisphere subtropical countries are expected to have the largest effect on economic growth due to climate change (reliability is moderate).

B. 5. 6. While global warming rises from 1. 5 ° C to 2 ° C, exposure to multiple complex climat e-related risks has increased, and in Africa and Asia, such exposure and influence of poverty. The percentage of people who are susceptible (high reliability) increases. In global warming from 1. 5 ° C to 2 ° C, the risks over energy, food, and water sectors overlap in spatial and time, creates new dangers, exposure, vulnerabilities, and worsens current dangers, exposure, and vulnerabilities. There is a possibility that it will affect more people and regions (reliability: middle).

Figure SPM.3a

A. 1. 2. Many land regions and seasons, including two to three times the Arctic, have warmed above the global annual average. Warming has generally been greater over land than in the oceans (high confidence).

The main panel shows global net anthropogenic CO2 emissions in pathways limiting global warming to 1.5°C with no or limited (less than 0.1°C) overshoot and pathways with higher overshoot. The shaded area shows the full range for pathways analysed in this Report. The panels on the right show non-CO2 emissions ranges for three compounds with […]

B. 6. When global warming is 1. 5 ° C, most of the need for adaptation is lower than in 2 ° C (high reliability). There are widespread options to reduce the risk of climate change (high reliability). If global warming is 1. 5 ° C, depending on the human and nature system, the adaptation and adaptation ability are limited, resulting in a loss (reliability: middle). The number of adaptive options and the possibility of use vary depending on the sector (moderate reliability).

Figure SPM.3b

A. 1. 2. Many land regions and seasons, including two to three times the Arctic, have warmed above the global annual average. Warming has generally been greater over land than in the oceans (high confidence).

Characteristics of four illustrative model pathways in relation to global warming of 1.5°C introduced in Figure SPM.3a. These pathways were selected to show a range of potential mitigation approaches and vary widely in their projected energy and land use, as well as their assumptions about future socio-economic developments, including economic and population growth, equity and […]

B. 6. 2. If global warming is 2 ° C, it is expected that adaptation will be more difficult for ecosystem, food and health systems than 1. 5 ° C (in reliability). Several vulnerable areas, including small island nations and developed countries, are expected to be at a high level of climate risks related to each other, even when global warming is 1. 5 ° C. )

B. 6. 3. Limits to adaptive capacity are present at 1. 5°C warming, become more pronounced at higher warming levels, and vary by sector, with site-specific impacts on vulnerable areas, ecosystems, and human health (medium confidence).

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Five Synthetic Reasons of Concern (RFCs) provide a framework to summarize key impacts and risks across sectors and regions and were introduced in the IPCC Third Assessment Report. The RFCs indicate the impacts of global warming on humans, economies, and ecosystems. The impacts and risks for each RFC are based on an assessment of the emerging literature. As in AR5, this literature was used to assess the levels of global warming at which the levels of impacts and risks are undetectable, moderate, high, or very high. The selection of impacts and risks for natural, managed, and human systems in the lower row is illustrative and not intended to be exhaustive.

RFC1 Uniquely threatened systems: Ecosystems and human systems with geographic ranges restricted by climate-related conditions and with high endemism or other distinctive characteristics. For example, coral reefs, the Arctic and its indigenous peoples, mountain glaciers, biodiversity hotspots, etc.₂RFC2 Extreme weather: risks/impacts to human health, livelihoods, assets and ecosystems due to extreme weather events such as heat waves, heavy rains, droughts and associated wildfires, coastal flooding, etc.

RFC3 Distribution of impacts: risks/impacts that disproportionately affect certain populations due to uneven distribution of physical climate change hazards, exposure and vulnerability.

RFC4 Global aggregate impacts: global financial damages, global degradation and loss of ecosystems and biodiversity.

RFC5 Large-scale singular events: relatively large-scale, abrupt and sometimes irreversible changes in systems caused by global warming. For example, collapse of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.

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C. 1. In model pathways with no or limited 1. 5°C overshoot, global net anthropogenic CO2 emissions are projected to decrease by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 (interquartile range 40–60%) and reach net zero around 2050 (interquartile range 2045–2055). To limit global warming to below 2°C, CO2 emissions are projected to decrease by about 25% by 2030 (interquartile range 10–30%) and reach net zero around 2070 (interquartile range 2065–2080) in most pathways. Non-CO2 emissions are projected to decrease by about 25% by 2030 (interquartile range 10–30%) and reach net zero around 2070 (interquartile range 2065–2080).₂Passway, which restricts global warming to 1. 5 ° C, shows a deep reduction as a passway that restricts global warming to 2 ° C. (High religion) (Figure SPM. 3A)₂C. 1. 1. Co₂Portforio of various easing means may be involved in the reduction of emissions, and it is possible to take different barrels between the reduction of energy and resource raw units, the speed of carbon dioxide, and the dependence on carbon dioxide removal. can. Different portfolios face the potential synergistic effects of different implementation issues and sustainable developments. (Figure SPM. 3B).

C. 1. 2. Modeled routes that suppress global warming to 1. 5 ° C and do not generate overshoots or suppress the outbreak significantly reduce the discharge of methane and black carbon (2050 compared to 2010 compared to 2010. Both will be reduced by 35%by year). In these routes, most of the cooling aerosol is reduced, so the easing effect is partially offset for 20 to 30 years. No n-co

Exhaust can be reduced as a result of a wide range of easing measures in the energy department. In addition, the target no n-co₂The easing measures can reduce nitrous oxide from agriculture, methane, methane from the waste sector, some black carbon sources, and hydrofluorocarbon. High bi o-energy demand may increase the emission of nitrogen oxide in some 1. 5 ° C passway, emphasizing the importance of the appropriate management approach. Many no n-co₂The improvement of air quality by reducing emissions can directly and direct interest in people's health in all 1. 5 ° C model passway. (High religion) (Figure SPM. 3A)₂C. 1. 3. To suppress global warming, CO from before the Industrial Revolution₂It is necessary to suppress the emission, that is, to stay within the total carbon balance. 14 COs before the Industrial Revolution by the end of 2017

The emission is about 2200 ± 320 GTCO of the carbon balance of 1. 5 ° C₂(Estimated to be reduced (medium reliability). The relevant budget is 42 ± 3 GTCO per year

It is depleted by emission (high religion). The selection of how to measure the temperature of the entire earth affects the estimation of the remaining carbon balance. Like AR5, the remaining carbon balance is 580 GTCO when the average temperature is used.

If the probability of keeping warming to 1. 5 ° C is 50 %, 420 GTCO

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The probability (moderate reliability). 15 or GMST is 50%and 66%, 770GTCO, respectively.

Each was estimated with a 50% and 66% probability (reliability is moderate). The uncertainty of these estimated carbon balance is large, and depends on several factors. Unexity of the weather response to the climate response, and CO

And co

Colours

• The uncertainty of the climate reaction to emission is ± 400GTCO
• Contributed to the past global warming level ± 250 GTCO

(Contribution to (moderate level). The potential for additional carbon release due to the future permanent frozen clay melting and methane release from the wetlands is up to 100 GTCO this century

(Contribution to (moderate level). The potential for additional carbon release due to the future permanent frozen clay melting and methane release from the wetlands is up to 100 GTCO this century

The easing level is 250 GTCO with the remaining carbon balance It may be reduced (reliability is moderate). It may be reduced (reliability is moderate).

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Highlights

The main panel shows the CO2 pure emissions of the global humanity in a passway, which is limited to 1. 5 ° C and has no overshoot (less than 0. 1 ° C) and a larger ove r-shot passway. There is. The network shows the entire range of the passway analyzed in this report. The panel on the right shows the scope of emissions other than CO2, for three compounds in which the exhaust source from the discharge source, which is different from the discharge source, which is the center of CO2 easing, has a large enforcement of the past. The network of these panels limit global warming to 1. 5 ° C, and is not generated or generated or not generated or not generated. It shows the range of. The box beard at the bottom of the figure shows the timing of the passway reaching the world CO2 emissions to the net zero level, and the comparison of a passway that limits global warming to 2 ° C with at least 66%probability. The four illustrated model routes are emphasized on the main panel, labeling P1, P2, P3, P4. This corresponds to the LED, S1, S2, and S5 routes evaluated in Chapter 2. The explanation and features of these routes are in SPM. 3B.

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Fig. SPM. 3A is a feature of four illustrations related to 1. 5 ° C global warming. These pathways have been selected to show the range of potential easing approaches, and predicted energy and land use, as well as economic and population growth, fairness, and sustainability. The assumptions are very different. The breakdown of the worl d-originated CO2 pure emissions is divided into fossil fuels, CO2 emissions from industries, agriculture and forestry and other land use (AFOLU), and bi o-energy (BECCS) with carbon collection and storage. The estimated value of Afolu reported here is not necessarily comparable to the estimated values ​​of each country. The detailed features of each passway are described below each pathway. These pathways show a global relative difference in the easing strategy, but does not indicate the central estimation or the strategy of each country, and does not indicate necessary conditions. For comparison, the rightmost column indicates the range of about the number of 45 ° C or a limited number of passways. The route P1, P2, P3, and P4 correspond to LED, S1, S2, and S5 routes evaluated in Chapter 2 (Figure SPM. 3A).

C. 2. In order to reduce global warming to 1. 5 ° C and not generate overshoots, or to use a limited route for generating, it includes energy, land, infrastructure (transportation, building. ), In industrial systems, rapid and widespread shifts are required (highly convinced). Such a system conversion is unprecedented in terms of scale, but not necessarily in terms of speed, and investing in a wide range of emissions in all sector, a wide range of portfolios, and its options. Significant expansion of (Confession: Middle).

C. 2. 1. It suppresses global warming to 1. 5 ° C and does not generate overshoots, or in a limited route, a more prominent and prominent system change in the next 20 years than 2 ° C route. Show (high religion). The speed of the change of the sodes related to not generating or overshooting, or the speed of the change of the shots has occurred in specific sectors, technology, and spatial contexts in the past in the past in the past in the past. However, there is no historical precedent that has been documented (in reliability) according to its scale.

Fig. SPM. 3A is a feature of four illustrations related to 1. 5 ° C global warming. These pathways have been selected to show the range of potential easing approaches, and predicted energy and land use, as well as economic and population growth, fairness, and sustainability. The assumptions are very different. The breakdown of the worl d-originated CO2 pure emissions is divided into fossil fuels, CO2 emissions from industries, agriculture and forestry and other land use (AFOLU), and bi o-energy (BECCS) with carbon collection and storage. The estimated value of Afolu reported here is not necessarily comparable to the estimated values ​​of each country. The detailed features of each passway are described below each pathway. These pathways show a global relative difference in the easing strategy, but does not indicate the central estimation or the strategy of each country, and does not indicate necessary conditions. For comparison, the rightmost column indicates the range of about the number of 45 ° C or a limited number of passways. The route P1, P2, P3, and P4 correspond to LED, S1, S2, and S5 routes evaluated in Chapter 2 (Figure SPM. 3A).

In pathways that limit global warming to 1. 5°C with no or limited overshoot, CO2 emissions from industry are projected to decrease by about 65-90% (interquartile range) in 2050 compared to 2010 levels, compared with 50-80% for 2°C global warming (medium confidence). Such reductions can be achieved through a combination of new and existing technologies and practices, including electrification, hydrogen, sustainable bio-based feedstocks, product substitution, and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). These options are technically proven at a range of scales, but large-scale deployment may be limited by economic, financial, human capacity, and institutional constraints in specific contexts, as well as by the specific characteristics of large industrial facilities. In industry, emissions reductions from energy and process efficiency alone are insufficient to limit warming to 1. 5°C with no or limited overshoot (high confidence). C. 2. 4. Urban and infrastructure system transformations to limit global warming to 1. 5°C with no or limited overshoot imply, for example, changes in land and urban planning practices, as well as deeper emission reductions in transport and buildings compared to pathways that limit global warming to below 2°C (medium confidence). Technical measures and practices that enable deeper emission reductions include a range of energy efficiency options. The share of electricity in buildings' energy demand will be around 55-75% in 2050 in pathways that limit global warming to 1. 5°C with no or limited overshoot, compared to 50-70% for 2°C warming (medium confidence). In the transport sector, the share of low-emission final energy will rise from less than 5% in 2020 to around 35-65% in 2050. Economic, institutional and socio-cultural barriers may impede these transitions of urban and infrastructure systems, depending on national, regional and local conditions, capabilities and capital availability (high confidence).

C. 2. 5 Global and regional land-use transitions are present in all pathways that limit global warming to 1. 5°C with no or limited overshoot, but their magnitude depends on the mitigation portfolio pursued. In modelled pathways that limit global warming to 1. 5°C with no or limited overshoot, non-grazing agricultural land for food and feed crops is projected to decrease by 4 million km2 and increase by 2. 5 million km2, pasture land to decrease by 0. 5-11 million km2, agricultural land for energy crops to increase by 0. 6 million km2, and forest to decrease by 2 million km2 and increase by 9. 5 million km2 by 2050, relative to 2010 (with medium confidence). 17 Similar magnitudes of land-use transitions are observed in modeled 2°C pathways (medium confidence). Such large-scale transitions pose significant challenges for the sustainable management of the multiple demands on land for human settlements, food, livestock feed, fiber, bioenergy, carbon storage, biodiversity, and other ecosystem services (large confidence). Mitigation options to limit land demand include sustainable intensification of land use, ecosystem restoration, and shifts to less resource-intensive diets (high confidence). Implementing land-based mitigation options will require overcoming socio-economic, institutional, technological, financial, and environmental barriers that vary across regions (large confidence). C. 2. 6. Additional average annual energy-related investments from 2016 to 2050 in pathways limiting warming to 1. 5°C are estimated to be around USD 830 billion2010 (ranging from USD 150 billion to USD 170 billion2010 across the six models) compared to pathways without new climate policies beyond those currently in place. 18 This compares with average annual total energy supply investments of USD 1460 billion to USD 351 billion2010 in the 1. 5°C pathways and average annual total energy demand investments of USD 640 billion to USD 910 billion2010 in the 2016 to 2050 pathways. Total energy-related investments are around 12% higher in 1. 5°C pathways compared to 2°C pathways (ranging from 3% to 24%). Annual investment in low-carbon energy technologies and energy efficiency will increase by roughly six times by 2050 compared to 2015 (range 4-10 times) (medium confidence).

C. 2. 7. The global warming is limited to 1. 5 ° C, and the modelized route that is not overact or limited, predicts the width of global discounted costs in the 21st century. These are about three to four times higher than the passway (high religion), which limits global warming to less than 2 ° C. Economic literature distinguishes the cost reduction cost and the easing cost of the entire economy. The literature on the overtaking cost of 1. 5 ° C's easing route was limited, and this report was not evaluated. There is a knowledge gap in the integration evaluation of the cost and benefits of the overall economy of relaxation according to the passway that keeps warming to 1. 5 ° C.

C. 3. All passways that suppress global warming to 1. 5 ° C and do not limit over shots at all in the 21st century

Models

It is expected to use carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on a scale. CDR is used to supplement residual emissions and in most cases to return the peak global warming to 1. 5 ° C by making the emissions net negative (high reliability). Hundreds of GTCO

• Is restricted in multiple feasibility and sustainability (highly convinced). Hundreds of GTCOs have the introduction of CDRs that do not depend on carbon recovery (BECCS) bio energy by significant reduction in the near future and measures to reduce energy and land demand.
• Can be restricted (highly convinced).

C. 3. 1. Existing and potential and potential CDR measures include planting and reorestation, land restoration, soil carbon isolation, BECCS, direct atmosphere of carbon capture (DACCS), weathering promotion, marine alkaline, etc. be. These are very different in maturity, potential, cost, risk, coovenefit, and trad e-off (high reliability). To date, there have been only a few passways, including the planting and CDR means other than the BECCS. C. 3. 2. YR-1, on the other hand, CDR measures related to agriculture, forestry and land use (AFOLU) are 0-5, 1 to 11, 1 to 5GTCO in these years. Was predicted to reduce (reliability is moderate). The upper limit of these deployments up to mi d-century is up to 5 GTCO BECCS potential of the year and 3. 6 GTCO < SPAN> C. 2. 7. Limit global warming to 1. 5 ° C, or over-shot or limited modeled routes are global average in the 21st century. Predict the width of discount limit cost reduction costs. These are about three to four times higher than the passway (high religion), which limits global warming to less than 2 ° C. Economic literature distinguishes the cost reduction cost and the easing cost of the entire economy. The literature on the overtaking cost of 1. 5 ° C's easing route was limited, and this report was not evaluated. There is a knowledge gap in the integration evaluation of the cost and profit of the overall economy according to the passway that controls the temperature of 1. 5 ° C to 1. 5 ° C. C. 3. All passways that suppress global warming to 1. 5 ° C and do not limit over shots at all in the 21st century It is expected to use carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on a scale. CDR is used to supplement residual emissions and in most cases to return the peak global warming to 1. 5 ° C by making the emissions net negative (high reliability). Hundreds of GTCO

• Is restricted in multiple feasibility and sustainability (highly convinced). Hundreds of GTCOs have the introduction of CDRs that do not depend on carbon recovery (BECCS) bio energy by significant reduction in the near future and measures to reduce energy and land demand.
• Can be restricted (highly convinced).

• C. 3. 1. Existing and potential and potential CDR measures include planting and reorestation, land restoration, soil carbon isolation, BECCS, direct atmosphere of carbon capture (DACCS), weathering promotion, marine alkaline, etc. be. These are very different in maturity, potential, cost, risk, coovenefit, and trad e-off (high reliability). To date, there have been only a few passways, including the planting and CDR means other than the BECCS.
• C. 3. 2.
• YR-1, on the other hand, CDR measures related to agriculture, forestry and land use (AFOLU) are 0-5, 1 to 11, 1 to 5GTCO in these years.
• Was predicted to reduce (reliability is moderate). The upper limit of these deployments up to mi d-century is up to 5 GTCO
• BECCS potential and 3. 6 GTCOC. 2. 7. Limit global warming to 1. 5 ° C, or over-shot or limited modeled routes in the 21st century. Predict the width of. These are about three to four times higher than the passway (high religion), which limits global warming to less than 2 ° C. Economic literature distinguishes the cost reduction cost and the easing cost of the entire economy. The literature on the overtaking cost of 1. 5 ° C's easing route was limited, and this report was not evaluated. There is a knowledge gap in the integration evaluation of the cost and benefits of the overall economy of relaxation according to the passway that keeps warming to 1. 5 ° C.
• C. 3. All passways that suppress global warming to 1. 5 ° C and do not limit over shots at all in the 21st century
• It is expected to use carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on a scale. CDR is used to supplement residual emissions and in most cases to return the peak global warming to 1. 5 ° C by making the emissions net negative (high reliability). Hundreds of GTCO
• Is restricted in multiple feasibility and sustainability (highly convinced). Hundreds of GTCOs have the introduction of CDRs that do not depend on carbon recovery (BECCS) bio energy by significant reduction in the near future and measures to reduce energy and land demand.
• Can be restricted (highly convinced).
• C. 3. 1. Existing and potential and potential CDR measures include planting and reorestation, land restoration, soil carbon isolation, BECCS, direct atmosphere of carbon capture (DACCS), weathering promotion, marine alkaline, etc. be. These are very different in maturity, potential, cost, risk, coovenefit, and trad e-off (high reliability). To date, there have been only a few passways, including the planting and CDR means other than the BECCS.
• C. 3. 2.
• YR-1, on the other hand, CDR measures related to agriculture, forestry and land use (AFOLU) are 0-5, 1 to 11, 1 to 5GTCO in these years.
• Was predicted to reduce (reliability is moderate). The upper limit of these deployments up to mi d-century is up to 5 GTCO
• Annual-1 BECCS potential and 3. 6 GTCO
• The YR-1 was evaluated based on recent documents (reliability is moderate). Some passways can completely avoid the introduction of BECCS by increasing demand side measures and increased dependence on AFOL U-related CDR measures (reliability is moderate). The use of biaineals may be replaced by fossil fuels throughout the sector, so if BECCS is excluded compared to when BECCS is included, it may be as high as or higher. (Relivery high). (Figure SPM. 3B)
• C. 3. 3. The route that overshots of global warming is 1. 5 ° C. CDR remains in the second half of this century.
• It is necessary to exceed the emissions and return to less than 1. 5 ° C by 2100, and the larger the overshoot, the more CDRs are required (Figure SPM. 3B) (Takanobu reliability). Therefore, the speed, scale, and social acceptance of CDR deployment determine the ability to return global warming to less than 1. 5 ° C after overshoot. Regarding the effectiveness of ne t-negative emissions to lower the temperature after the peak, the understanding of carbon cycle and climate systems is still limited (highly convinced).

C. 3. 4. Currently, most of the potential and potential CDR measures may have a significant impact on land, energy, water, or nutrients (highly confident). Rain planting and biotechnology may compete with other land use, which can have a significant impact on agricultural and food systems, biodiversity, and other ecosystem functions and services (highly convinced). 。 Effective governance is required to restrict such trad e-off and ensure the permanent of carbon removal in the land, geology, and ocean carbon storage layers (highly convinced). The feasibility and sustainability of CDR use can be enhanced by the optional portfolio, which is a substantial but smal l-scale scale, not a very large single option. expensive). (Figure SPM. 3B)

competitive comparison

C. 3. 5. CD R-related CDR measures such as the recovery of natural ecosystems and the carbon isolation of soil provide coovenefits such as biodiversity, soil quality, and improving local food security. There is a possibility. When deploying on a large scale, a governance system that enables sustainable land management to preserve and protect other ecosystem functions and other ecosystem functions and services (reliability is moderate). (Figure SPM. 4)

owners reviews

While other SUVs can go to the trail, the new 2024 GX 550 luxury of f-road SUV can be played on the trail. This special new Lexus is impressive in all aspects and matches the style, comfort, technology you want, as well as the of f-road performance you want. The powerful twin turbo 3. 4L V6 engine exerts 349 horsepower and offers up to £ 9, 096 pounds. If you want to make your next escape wonderful, there is no other with a new of f-road SUV GX.

Overall ratings

*The state may be required by the state to install the towing brake for safety. Before you run, check which law affects you, or if you need it, your car can handle the traction brake. Make sure that the vehicle and the trailer are compatible, connected, the loading is appropriate, and that there are necessary additional equipment. If the total weight of the trailer exceeds £ 5, 000 (2, 268 kg), you need to use a sufficiently capacity weighted hitch. Do not exceed the rated weight and follow the instructions and attention listed in the trailer hitch maker or instruction manual. The maximum weight that can be driven is determined by the base weight of the base vehicle, as well as the total weight of cargo, crew, and additional vehicle equipment. "Additional vehicle equipment" includes the additional equipment and accessories of the standard/ options added by the manufacturer, dealer,/ or/ vehicle owner. The only way to check the accurate vehicle weight of your car is to weigh the car without crew and cargo. If the vehicle is equipped with a kick sensor, it is necessary to disable or remove the kick sensor to attach the towing hitch receiver or other accessories near the rear bumper, so that the vehicle sensor operation is turned off. There is. See the Owner's Manual for restrictions. 3 ★ 5 2 ★ 3 1 ★ 1

Excellent workmanship 👏

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Interior The color varies depending on the model. See the build and price for details.

GX550 a big hit for Lexus

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2024 Lexus GX owners reviews

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2024 LEXUS gx

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6 impressive grades

Six special grades. A careful design that impresses any driver.

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Luxurious living space for 7-seater

A comfortable trip, both on road and of f-road.

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Lexus Safety Sense 3. 0

The most advanced safety function in Lexus history.

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GX 550

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Exemption from fuel

Power

349 horsepower

engine

3. 4 L V6

Fuel economy † (City/Highway L/100KM)

15. 3/11. 2 (City/Highway)

Airbags 10, 12

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Fuel disclaimer

Heated and ventilated front seats

Heated steering wheel

20" alloy wheels

Full-time 4WD

14" multimedia touchscreen display with Lexus interface

Lexus Navigation 1, Remote Connect (3-year trial available) 35, Safety Connect (up to 10-year trial available) 37, Service Connect (up to 10-year trial available) 36, and Drive Connect (paid contract may be required.)

Multi-Terrain Select (available only on over-rail trims)

Power back door

Power moonroof (with power sunshade)

Camera/headlamp washer

Wireless charger

Digital key 48 (requires Remote Connect active trial or paid contract) (2 doors + back door)

Parking support alert/ Brakes (object + vehicle)

Apple CarPlay® and Android Auto™ compatible

Towing capacity up to 9, 096 lbs 45

LSS+ 3. 0

Available in Premium, Luxury, Executive, Signature, Overtrail and Overtrail+ trims

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Compare the 2024 GX to competitors like the Audi Q7 3. 0T Progressive 4dr AWD quattro sport utility, Land Rover Defender and BMW X5 xDrive50i 4dr AWD Sports Activity Vehicle.

Hear from Lexus Owners

5 ★ 50

4 ★ 16

A much improved version over the previous generation.

Harjit Grewal