The Evolving Landscape of Sports Betting A Risk for Young People SpringerLink

The Evolving Landscape of Sports Betting: A Risk for Young People?

Watching sports and participating in sporting events are generally considered popular, enjoyable, and rewarding activities in our society. In the last few years, the development of digital technologies (e. g., smartphones, tablets, computers) has created the possibility of gambling at almost any sporting event at any moment, including before or during the game. In addition, there are more opportunities than ever to be exposed to sports betting advertisements. With this 24/7 availability and ubiquitous cues, sports betting and gambling have become increasingly popular, especially among adolescents and young adults. Our aim here is to elaborate on how the growing popularity of sports betting is changing the way sports are experienced by young fans and student-athletes. After describing the current levels of youth involvement in sports betting and associated problems, we review the available evidence that shows the normalization and growing popularity of gambling in sports and its impact on the cognitive and emotional processes of children and adolescents, including young athletes. The final section focuses on regulatory strategies to address current concerns about the consequences of sports betting among children and adolescents. You can get full access to this open access chapter, download chapter PDF

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Sports betting

Keywords

Gambling
Addiction
Athletes
Youth
Self-regulation
Cue reactivity
Passion
Identity
Mental health
Background information
Which team will win the game? What are the odds? Which player will score?

Sports fans may be confident in answering such questions, but they must have an answer. There are many sporting events, easy to access and related to many betting options. Despite the ban on minors, this kind of gambling activity is widely advertised on television and social media platforms. Therefore, there is a legitimate concern that sports betting has become popular and can be used immediately can harm children and youth. Assuming that the current situation of sports betting constitutes a new public health problem, this chapter comprehensively integrates available evidence and describes the potential effects and results of the young people in the young people.

Sportsbetting has been proven in recent crossing that it is becoming more and more widespread among young people. For example, a convenient sample of 735 young adults in Spain (18-25 years old) (recruited directly at various universities and vocational training centers in Madrid, N = 603, or online survey of social network sites, n = According to a recent study conducted in 132), 43 % (account for 80 % of men) reported at least once (Labbrador and Vallejo-Achón 2019). In this survey, most bets were online, indicating that they had a clear result for soccer (Soccer) (eg, bet on the victory team). Minor youth (

1 Gambling-related Harm in Young People

See Box1 for the dangers of gambling in youth. For example, in a survey for youth in Finland (988 firs t-year junior high school students), 3 % may have gambling disorders and 4. 9 % are also risky gamblers. It turned out (Castrén et al. 2015). Youth's dangerous gambling involvement is Australia (Miller 2017; Purdie et Al. 2011), Canada (Elton-Marshall et al. 2016), Croatia (Ricijas et al. 2011 , 2016), and New Zeland (Volverg et al. 2010), Sweden (Fröberg et al. 2015), the UK (Gambling Commission UK 2016, 2017), and the United States (MARCHICA et AL. 2017).< 18-year-old), in a study involving a convenience sample of 1330 male Croatian high-school students, the majority of boys acknowledged to have been involved in sports betting, even though they do not have the legal age to gamble (Ricijas et al. 2011, 2016). Of particular concern is that 24% of male high-school students had already developed severe psychosocial consequences related to gambling (Ricijas et al. 2016). These patterns occurred particularly in sports betting, video lottery terminals, and virtual betting (Ricijas et al. 2016).

According to a recent study of sports betting, the pattern of liv e-burned is very much for young, male, single, highly educated, regular employment workers or students (Hing et al. 2016; Russel et al. 2018, 2019) Many sports betting experience is shown (Hing et al. 2018a, B). Other studies show that the problematic sportsbetters are mainly male and young adults (hing et al. 2017a; HUMPHREYS and Pérez 2012; Russel et al. 2018; Wood and Williams 2009) 。

The important thing is that the increase in online sports betting behavior has been shown in recent populatio n-based sampling reports. For example, in France, Sports Betting represents the type of gambling that was the most expanded in 2019, and 11%of the French population reported that sports betting had been sports betting (3 times in 2014: Costes et al. .) This report shows that sports betting is the second most popular among the types of gambling (second after the lottery), and the betting has increased by 2. 8 in 5 years (sports betting betting. 4. 6 increase in online sports betting, which accounts for 56%, and sports betting is related to the most regular gambling type (26. 9%of weekly sports betters, horse racing bets. 37. 1%, 26. 9%of other kinds of sports; Costes et al.) Furthermore, as with the above convenience and sample research, Costes et al. Is observed that 72. 2%is young. < SPAN> Regarding sports betting, in recent research, the pattern of liv e-bet is young, male, single, highly educated, regular employment or student (see Hing et al. 2016; Russel et al. 2018, 2019) It is very large, indicating that sports betting experience is short (hing et al. 2018a, b). Other studies show that the problematic sportsbetters are mainly male and young adults (hing et al. 2017a; HUMPHREYS and Pérez 2012; Russel et al. 2018; Wood and Williams 2009) 。

The important thing is that the increase in online sports betting behavior has been shown in recent populatio n-based sampling reports. For example, in France, Sports Betting represents the type of gambling that was the most expanded in 2019, and 11%of the French population reported that sports betting had been sports betting (3 times in 2014: Costes et al. .) This report shows that sports betting is the second most popular among the types of gambling (second after the lottery), and the betting has increased by 2. 8 in 5 years (sports betting betting. 4. 6 increase in online sports betting, which accounts for 56%, and sports betting is related to the most regular gambling type (26. 9%of weekly sports betters, horse racing bets. 37. 1%, 26. 9%of other kinds of sports; Costes et al.) Furthermore, as with the above convenience and sample research, Costes et al. Is observed that 72. 2%is young. According to a recent study of sports betting, the pattern of liv e-burned is very much for young, male, single, highly educated, regular employment workers or students (Hing et al. 2016; Russel et al. 2018, 2019) Many sports betting experience is shown (Hing et al. 2018a, B). Other studies show that the problematic sportsbetters are mainly male and young adults (hing et al. 2017a; HUMPHREYS and Pérez 2012; Russel et al. 2018; Wood and Williams 2009) 。< 35 years), with a high level of education, and with higher incomes than the other types of gamblers. Critically, among the different types of gambling, sports betting is the most strongly associated with gambling-related issues (3 times more moderate problem gamblers, and 6 six times more high problem gamblers than lottery players), with a quarter of the individuals developing Gambling Disorder being specifically involved in sports betting (Costes et al. 2020).

Another important point is that the harmful results associated with the loss of control against gambling can occur rapidly in just a few months (Spritzer et al.) The adolescent gambling is associated with lowering academic performance, isolation, depression, collapse of family and friends, economic losses, and problematic use (Derevensky 2007, 2012; Miller 2017). Also, those who report that they have experienced gambling before the age of 15 have a higher risk of experiencing drug abuse, mental disorders, and suicide thinking compared to lat e-occurring gamblers (Burge et al.). The result is based on a cros s-illed research, and the conclusions on causal relationships are hindered. In addition, vertical research shows that young people's gambling behavior fluctuates over time and does not always continue gambling (with problems) after adults (Delfabbro and 2014; Edgerton et al. 2015).

BOX 1. Why Adolescents are More at Risk of Developing Problematic Gambling Habits?

As a whole, the knowledge obtained from the current literature suggests that young adult men are at a high risk of gambling addiction. Nevertheless, further research is needed to distinguish between temporary and unsuitable gambling habits in young age and habits that may lead to gambling functional disabilities.

Adolescent is equivalent to a clear development period in terms of experiments and involvement of dangerous behavior (for example, Derevensky 2012). At the nerve level, it is generally considered that the immature fron t-front cortex is a neuro biological correlation factor for the lo w-determined ability of teenagers and the risky behavior (such as Casey and Jones 2010).

The frontal cortex is one of the last part of the brain (Arain et al.) This area is organized to acquire information from all sensations and achieve specific goals. ARAIN et al. (ARAIN et al.) In this way, the frontal front cortex is an important domain for cognitive analysis, abstract thinking, and correct behavior control in social situations (for example, Goldstein and Volkow 2002). Therefore, adolescent children cannot fully access the execution control function and suppression control function because the frontal cortex is immature (Arain et al.)

Such processes are not harmful in themselves and may even promote a learning drive to optimally adapt to adult roles (Chambers and Potenza 2003). However, such dynamics may also increase vulnerability to addictive behaviors such as problem gambling. Gambling can be viewed as repeated participation in ritualized, “impulsive” decisions that provide immediate monetary rewards (Burge et al. 2004).

2 Convergence Between Sport, Gaming, and Gambling

Adolescence is a developmental period of increasing responsibility, autonomy, and freedom, which promotes engagement in problematic and risky behaviors (e. g., drug use, drinking and driving, unprotected sexual behavior, gambling). All of these behaviors are major indicators of risk taking and in some cases are considered rites of passage (e. g., MacDonald 1987).

Does playing online games influence and shape adolescents’ attitudes and engagement towards (sports) gambling? This question is currently being explored by a study on daily fantasy sports (DFS). In DFS, players can potentially build teams with real-life players, become team managers or owners, and win prize money derived from entry fees. The main objective of DFS leagues is to score the most points in contests that span the entire sports season. DFS is popular worldwide (especially in North America; e. g., Marchica et al.). Skill-based processes and sports knowledge (e. g., statistics, injuries, player drafts, trades) play an important role in fantasy game participation (e. g., Davis and Duncan 2006). Because these games are considered skill-based (i. e., different from traditional gambling, which primarily involves games of chance), youth can legitimately engage in these gambling-related activities (Billings et al.). Some concerns have been expressed regarding the accelerating nature of commissions and other DFS features that may encourage youth excessive play and related harms (e. g., Nelson et al.). Indeed, daily or hourly DFS usage mimics online sports betting because of the short-term availability and opportunities it offers. Thus, there is evidence that participation in fantasy sports leagues is associated with sports betting problems (i. e., loss of control over gambling, lying about one’s gambling, and preoccupation with one’s gambling) among adults (Nower et al. 2018), college students (Marchica and Derevensky 2016; Martin and Nelson 2014; Martin et al. 2016), and adolescents (Marchica et al. 2017).

In addition to DFS, other games may also provide a pathway to gambling. For example, social media sites such as Facebook offer social casino games, such as slot games and card games (blackjack). These games are not classified as gambling activities because they are not associated with monetary gain (although playing or participating may result in monetary expenditures). Thus, like DFS, these games can be offered legally to adolescents and are highly popular among this population (Derevensky and Gainsbury 2016; Gainsbury et al. 2015, 2017; Kim et al.). Importantly, longitudinal studies have shown that engagement in simulated gambling via social network sites facilitates the transition to real money gambling in adolescents (Dussault et al.). These findings raise concerns that simulated online gambling activities may render gambling a socially acceptable, enjoyable, and risk-free activity. The convergence of gambling and video games has grown in recent years, with the introduction of “loot box” mechanisms (items within video games that can be purchased with real-world money but whose contents are randomized: Zendle et al.). The basic design and implementation of in-game purchasing options are characterized by the fast pace, repetitiveness, and randomness of rewards, thus simulating the dynamic and intermittent reward ratios commonly observed in slot machines (King and Delfabbro 2018) (e. g., monetized cosmetic in-game items; Hardenstein 2017; Holden and Ehrlich 2017; Macey and Hamari 2018a, b; Gambling Commission UK 2017). These monetized in-game purchasing systems use advanced behavioral tracking and machine learning-based algorithms to modify in-game conditions to incentivize ongoing spending and sustained play (King et al.). The convergence of sports, gaming, and gambling has become even more pronounced with the unprecedented development of e-sports (Lopez-Gonzalez and Griffiths 2018). This increasingly popular form of sport encompasses video game competitions organized into leagues and tournaments, as well as streaming practices, and has brought about professionalization, regulation, fan communities, and a wide range of new sports betting options (Hamari and Sjoblom 2017).

As a whole, modern technical and cultural environments include as a leisure activity that can easily access games and gambling along with the continuous development of e-sports. Most young people are gambling at the minor stage by the enormous popularity of video games (and the current e-sports) and the implementation of the i n-gam e-like i n-game purchasing system (eg, a loot box) in video games. It is exposed to situations that are likely to promote sports betting, and has raised important issues in public health. The next section explains in detail that young people's attitude and involvement in gambling are formed by sports betting ads and powerful cooperation with professional sports sponsorship.

In most European countries, sports betting is legal, and advertising is also active (see Box 2 for Luxemburg's sports betting status). As a result, sports fans directly (through TV advertisements and smartphones notifications, etc.) while watching the sports game day programs (such as team shirts, pitch side advertisement boards, hal f-time entertainment, etc. sponsored by gambling companies). Or is a gambling message (Sharman et al. For example, "Match of the Day", a popular program related to soccer ("Match of the Day" broadcast on the no n-commercial no n-commercial TV station BBC1). In a comprehensive analysis, a study conducted in Australia in Australia was exposed (Cassidy and Ovenden 2017). Watching a 1 5-minute gambling advertisement (Lindsay et al. 2013) is observed to be exposed to an average of 107 gambling (Gordon and Chapman 2014). The team with a shirt sponsor increased from the four teams in 2008 to half of all the teams (Lopez-Gonzalez and Griffiths 2018) and the gambling-related discussions. Promote clues (for example, celebrities and soccer experts among the programs on the day of the match; Deans et al. 2015). It is becoming increasingly incorporated into sports.

Another important aspect of sports betting advertisements is the information on the content (for example, betting odds that change dynamically according to the ongoing games and events), and direct incentives to the bed (for example , Bonus Bet, Happy Hour, Multivet Offer, Ods Improvement, Cash Auto Far, Payment Notification, Smartphone Notification; Regarding Review, Newall et al.) Just looking at advertising and related sporting events is likely to increase the motivation for queues related to sports beds.

3 Hyper Exposure and Easy Access to Sports Betting

These assumptions were recently investigated in a functional magnetic resonance image method (FMRI) research on sports betting clues (BREVERS et al.) As a result, sports fans are thinking about sports events with the intention of betting on the results. (BREVERS et al.) The nerve network that transforms these reactions to the sports betting clues, which shows that the information processing pattern of sports queue is different depending on the intention of watching the game. It was identified by the nucleus and hippocampus. These areas represent important brain routes that are the basis of memories, cognitions, and emotions caused by the clues related to addiction (see Brevers et al. 2019 for the overall theory).

Recent studies found evidence of the tacit relevance of gambling and sports (that is, spontaneous and quick relevance between sports betting brand logo and sports name) (Li et al.) The result is important as a significant strength of the associative path between the young and gambling. Specifically, repeated pairing of environmental gambling advertising and sports can cause these stimuli to gain significant and become more precise capacity. These patterns match the patterns observed in adult samples that frequently gamble (Brevers et al. 2013a; FLòrez et al. 2016; Yi and Kanetkar 2010; Zack et al. 2005). < SPAN> Another important aspect of sports betting advertisements is that the content is fractional information (for example, betting odds that change dynamically according to the ongoing games and events), and direct to the bed. There are a wide variety of incentives (for example, bonus bets, happy hours, mult i-bet offer, odds improvement, cash ou t-off, refund email, smartphone notification; for reviews). Just looking at these advertisements and related sports events is likely to increase the motivation for queueing related to sports beds.

A recent study found evidence of the tacit relevance of gambling and sports (ie, spontaneous and prompt relevance between sports betting brand logo and sports name) (Li et al.) The result is important as a significant strength of the associative path between the young and gambling. Specifically, repeated pairing of environmental gambling advertising and sports can cause these stimuli to gain significant and become more precise capacity. These patterns match the patterns observed in adult samples that frequently gamble (Brevers et al. 2013a; FLòrez et al. 2016; Yi and Kanetkar 2010; Zack et al. 2005). Another important aspect of sports betting advertisements is the information on the content (for example, betting odds that change dynamically according to the ongoing games and events), and direct incentives to the bed (for example , Bonus Bet, Happy Hour, Multivet Offer, Ods Improvement, Cash Auto Far, Payment Notification, Smartphone Notification; Regarding Review, Newall et al.) Just looking at advertising and related sporting events is likely to increase the motivation for queues related to sports beds.

These assumptions were recently investigated in a functional magnetic resonance image method (FMRI) research on sports betting clues (BREVERS et al.) As a result, sports fans are thinking about sports events with the intention of betting on the results. (BREVERS et al.) The nerve network that transforms these reactions to the sports betting clues, which shows that the information processing pattern of sports queue is different depending on the intention of watching the game. It was identified by the nucleus and hippocampus. These areas represent the important brain routes that are the basis of memory, cognition, and emotions caused by the clue clues associated with addiction (see Brevers et al. 2019 for the whole theory).

BOX 2. An Overview of the Landscape of Sports Betting in Luxembourg

Convenient and easy access to sports betting not only induces the remarkable gambling in groups of sports fans, but also unplanned betting (for example, Impreic liveback on accidental events during the match). May increase. For example, Hing et al. (See 2016, 2018a, B; BROWNE and others in 2019) indicated that live betting is common among sports betters and has a positive relationship with gambling symptoms. This series of studies also shows that there are so many young men, which are characterized by general transformed impulsivity (hing and 2018a, b) and sensory pursuit (Martinez-Loredo et al. I am.

As a whole, these findings are consistent with the current neuros cognitive approach to gambling disorders (for example, Brevers and Noël 2013b; Brevers et al. 2020), and people with problematic sports betting habits are related to sports. Faced by the stimulus, the "sports betting cluster" may be activated, and as a result, the urge to be compatible with the positive, quick and intense incentive caused by gambling may be automatically caused by the response to the action approach schema. (Hofmann et al.)

4 Narrative Content of Sports Betting Advertisement

Gambling is now widely seen as a form of recreational recreational activities, which are socially accepted (Calado and Griffiths 2016, etc.). This applies to Luxembourg, and Luxembourg is one of the highest gambling penetration, as suggested by gambling (Griffiths 2009) and young gambling popularity. Is listed.

Sportsbetting has been legalized in Luxembourg since 1987. The minimum age to bet is 18 years old, and the player's prize money is not subject to tax. Currently, Sports Betting is being sponsored by LOTERIE NATIONALE (after 2016). Nevertheless, as of February 2017, a foreig n-based online sports betting website in Luxembourg has never been blocked. In addition, you can see hig h-frequency sports betting ads through the media of neighboring countries (Belgium, Germany, France). Therefore, Luxembourg Sportsbetters have various options, as in many other European countries.

Gambling brand exposure is found everywhere in most developed countries. This section aims to show how the gambling industry is targeting young people through the symbolic content of Sports Betting Ads.

A growing body of literature targets the content and impact of sports betting advertising and promotions around the world (Deans et al. 2017; Gordon et al. 2014; Lopez-Gonzalez et al. 2018a, b). These studies have disaggregated the tactics used by the sports betting industry to promote gambling behavior through online marketing and gambling-related websites, consisting of just ten key strategies. These include sports fan rituals and behaviours (e. g. photos and videos of fans cheering on their team, waving banners, wearing team uniforms, jerseys and scarves), peer bonding (e. g. young men watching sport together, socialising in pubs and social gatherings such as parties and barbecues), social bonding characterised by the personal dynamic of betting (bettors are surrounded by people but are isolated when betting), gender stereotypes (e. g. sexualisation of women, advertising often portrays male dominance and power over women), the presentation of predictable and skill-based betting outcomes (e. g. using themes such as sports knowledge, calculation, active choices, bettor identity, masculinity, control over how an individual gambles, when and where they can gamble), social superiority (e. g. financial success from gambling can lead to a wealthy lifestyle and control over life choices), in-play live betting, adventure, thrill and risk (e. g. gamblers need to take risks to achieve higher profits). There is a growing body of literature targeting the content and impact of sports betting advertising and promotions around the world (Deans et al. 2017; Gordon et al. 2014; Lopez-Gonzalez et al. 2018a, b). These studies have disaggregated the tactics used by the sports betting industry to promote gambling behavior through online marketing and gambling-related websites, consisting of just ten key strategies. These include sports fan rituals and behaviours (e. g. photos and videos of fans cheering on their team, waving banners, wearing team uniforms, jerseys and scarves), peer bonding (e. g. young men watching sport together, socialising in pubs and social gatherings such as parties and barbecues), social bonding characterised by the personal dynamic of betting (bettors are surrounded by people but are isolated when betting), gender stereotypes (e. g. sexualisation of women, advertising often portrays male dominance and power over women), the presentation of predictable and skill-based betting outcomes (e. g. using themes such as sports knowledge, calculation, active choices, bettor identity, masculinity, control over how an individual gambles, when and where they can gamble), social superiority (e. g. financial success from gambling can lead to a wealthy lifestyle and control over life choices), in-play live betting, adventure, thrill and risk (e. g. gamblers need to take risks to achieve higher profits). A growing body of literature targets the content and impact of sports betting advertising and promotions around the world (Deans et al. 2017; Gordon et al. 2014; Lopez-Gonzalez et al. 2018a, b). These studies have disaggregated the tactics used by the sports betting industry to promote gambling behavior through online marketing and gambling-related websites, consisting of just ten key strategies. These include sports fan rituals and behaviours (e. g. photos and videos of fans cheering on their team, waving banners, wearing team uniforms, jerseys and scarves), peer bonding (e. g. young men watching sport together, socialising in pubs and social gatherings such as parties and barbecues), social bonding characterised by the personal dynamic of betting (bettors are surrounded by people but are isolated when betting), gender stereotypes (e. g. sexualisation of women, advertising often portrays male dominance and power over women), the presentation of predictable and skill-based betting outcomes (e. g. using themes such as sports knowledge, calculation, active choices, bettor identity, masculinity, control over how an individual gambles, when and where they can gamble), social superiority (e. g. financial success from gambling can lead to a wealthy lifestyle and control over life choices), in-play live betting, adventure, thrill and risk (e. g. gamblers need to take risks to achieve higher profits).

BOX 3. Can Sports Knowledge Impact Sports Betting Earnings?

Taken together, sports betting advertising relies on narrative themes that exaggerate social acceptance and perceived control over betting (see BOX 3 for illusory active control in sports betting). Previous research also supports the idea that positive attitudes toward sports betting advertising (e. g., “good/bad,” “like/dislike,” “harmless/harmful”), rather than actual frequency of exposure, are associated with problem gambling symptoms (Hing et al.). Importantly, positive attitudes toward sports betting advertising are also associated with greater recognition, attention, and recall of sponsor names and their promotions (e. g., logos on team uniforms), as well as greater betting intentions among young people (Glozah et al. 2019; Hing et al. 2017b; Newall et al. 2019). Overall, we can conclude that favorable attitudes and salient recall toward sports betting marketing are risk factors for problem gambling among young sports bettors. The rise of betting marketing has led sports fans to view the betting market as “saturated” (Thomas et al. 1998). This is a further signal that gambling is becoming increasingly embedded in sports. In the next section, we will elaborate on how the appearance of sports betting content alongside sports news and events is likely to shape positive attitudes towards sports gambling among young people.

Cantinotti and colleagues (2004) observed that experienced sports bettors achieved higher hit rates when selecting match outcomes compared to random bet selection. However, the monetary outcomes won by sports bettors were not significantly higher compared to the random selection condition. Similar results have also been observed in the context of horse racing betting (Ladouceur et al. 1998).

Two studies have shown that the level of soccer expertise does not affect the accuracy of soccer match predictions (e. g., when predicting the scores of the first 10 matches of the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship, Huberfeld et al. 2008). These findings therefore suggest that when it comes to long-term financial gain, sports-related knowledge is of no use and so-called “skill” inflates bettors’ confidence – a process often referred to as the “illusion of control” (Langer 1975).

In addition to sports-related knowledge, the illusion of control in sports betting may also be fostered by the following factors (Lopez-Gonzalez et al:
Bettors need to perform complex movements and calculations, which require high involvement in their attention and decision-making processes. Therefore, when bettors adopt a more active role, they are more likely to misinterpret betting outcomes (i. e. winning or losing a bet) as a direct result of strategic thinking.
Near-miss situations (i. e. losses that look almost the same as winning) lead bettors to overestimate bets with low odds of winning (Vaughan Williams 1999). For example, in horse racing, a "close finish" is usually a characteristic of a good race. Therefore, bookmakers have used this race characteristic to calculate betting odds (Reis 1986).
The current positive connotations of sports betting in society reduce the perception of risks associated with this type of gambling (e. g., by focusing on entertainment value; Lopez-Gonzalez et al.).

5 Impact of Sports Betting Advertisement on Children and Adolescents

As sports, games, and gambling become more integrated, sports bettors are perceived as players rather than gamblers. The juxtaposition and conflation of skill-based and chance-based roles may foster the illusion of control in sports betting.

A major public health concern is that many children and adolescents are now exposed to sports betting cues during family television viewing time. For example, 17% of the advertising shown around the perimeter of the 2018 FIFA World Cup television broadcasts was aimed at gambling (Duncan et al.). Furthermore, even taking into account advertising restrictions (e. g., advertising restrictions on live sports in Australia are in place until 8:30 pm), young people report seeing gambling advertising on social media and YouTube (e. g., before watching sports or gaming videos for viewing purposes; see also Thomas et al. 2018; Houghton et al. 2020; Killick and Griffiths 2019).

In recent years, some studies have been examining the impact of sports betting ads on children and youth gambling and consumption intentions. These studies can focus on four supplementary discoveries. The first observation is that young people can recall the names of sports betting brands and associate sports betting sponsors and specific sports teams (Bestman et al. 2015, NYEMCSOK and other 2018, PITT and 2016, 2017a, Thomas and others 2016, 2018). In addition, young people seem to be particularly sensitive to music, narration, and catchy slogans featuring sports betting on social platforms and gambling games (Abarbanel and 2017b and 2017b). < SPAN> In recent years, some studies have been examining the impact of sports betting ads on children and youth gambling and consuming. These studies can focus on four supplementary discoveries. The first observation is that young people can recall the names of sports betting brands and associate sports betting sponsors and specific sports teams (Bestman et al. 2015, NYEMCSOK and other 2018, PITT and 2016, 2017a, Thomas and others 2016, 2018). In addition, young people seem to be particularly sensitive to music, narration, and catchy slogans featuring sports betting on social platforms and gambling games (Abarbanel and 2017b and 2017b). In recent years, some studies have been examining the impact of sports betting ads on children and youth gambling and consumption intentions. These studies can focus on four supplementary discoveries. The first observation is that young people can recall the names of sports betting brands and associate sports betting sponsors and specific sports teams (Bestman et al. 2015, NYEMCSOK and other 2018, PITT and 2016, 2017a, Thomas and others 2016, 2018). In addition, young people seem to be particularly sensitive to music, narration, and catchy slogans featuring sports betting on social platforms and gambling games (Abarbanel and 2017b and 2017b).

The second important discovery is that seeing parents and friends gambling is related to the frequency of gambling and the symptoms of gambling (eg, Wickwire and 2007a, B; Pitt and others. 2017a, B). Social learning theorists have long pointed out the important roles of observations and imitation in acquiring and maintaining both socially desirable and unwanted actions (Bandura 1977). Social learning is done in a specific reference group, and observing important personal gambling can, as a matter of course, may affect young people's participation in gambling activities. According to research using focus group design, young people who are participating in betting believe this activity is a form of gambling that is generally inaccessible and accepting (Deans et). al.) In addition, Sports Betting is recognized as an activity that blends into a friend and to share topics with friends (Deans and 2017). These qualitative observations are consistent with the advertising strategy of the betting industry, which depicts sports betting as an activity that promotes social unity, friends and social opportunities (DEANS and 2017; Lopez-Gonzalez 2018a, B). In addition, the number of children knowing the excitement of gambling is increasing, looking at the reactions of parents (such as emotional status) while watching sports (Pitt et al.), The parents who gamble are the parent of the sports. > The second important discovery is that seeing parents and friends gambling is related to the frequency of gambling and the symptoms of gambling disorders (for example, Wickwire et al. 2007a, B; Pittt. 2017a, B). Social learning theorists have long pointed out the important roles of observations and imitation in acquiring and maintaining both socially desirable and unwanted actions (Bandura 1977). Social learning is done in a specific reference group, and observing important personal gambling can, as a matter of course, may affect young people's participation in gambling activities. According to research using focus group design, young people who are participating in betting believe this activity is a form of gambling that is generally inaccessible and accepting (Deans et). al.) In addition, Sports Betting is recognized as an activity that blends into a friend and to share topics with friends (Deans and 2017). These qualitative observations are consistent with the advertising strategy of the betting industry, which depicts sports betting as an activity that promotes social unity, friends and social opportunities (DEANS and 2017; Lopez-Gonzalez 2018a, B). In addition, the number of children who know the excitement of gambling is increasing by looking at the reactions of parents (such as emotional status) while watching sports (Pitt et al.). The important discovery is that seeing parents and friends gambling is related to the frequency of gambling and the symptoms of gambling disorders (for example, Wickwire, 2007a, B; Pitt et ettional 2017a, 2017a. B). Social learning theorists have long pointed out the important roles of observations and imitation in acquiring and maintaining both socially desirable and unwanted actions (Bandura 1977). Social learning is done in a specific reference group, and observing important personal gambling can, as a matter of course, may affect young people's participation in gambling activities. According to research using focus group design, young people who are participating in betting believe this activity is a form of gambling that is generally inaccessible and accepting (Deans et). al.) In addition, Sports Betting is recognized as an activity that blends into a friend and to share topics with friends (Deans and 2017). These qualitative observations are consistent with the advertising strategy of the betting industry, which depicts sports betting as an activity that promotes social unity, friends and social opportunities (DEANS and 2017; Lopez-Gonzalez 2018a, B). In addition, the number of children knowing the excitement of gambling is increasing by looking at the reactions of parents (such as emotional status) while watching sports (Pitt et al.) The parents who gamble are the parents who are watching sports.

The third important observation is that young people receive promotions at face value and cannot fully understand the persuasive and cynical aspects of the appeal strategy in sports betting ads. For example, youth is attracted to the skill elements drawn in sports betting ads, interpreting these messages as related information (Pittt et al.) In other research, gambling and culturally valuable events (sports, etc.) Inconsonation, recommendation of celebrities, recognition of experts and understanding of sports, offered cashback offer, and positive attitudes for gambling to enhance the recognition of trust in children and youth. ("Sports betting is a part of sports fans' identity"; Pitt et al.)

6 Sport Betting in Young Athletes

Fourth, Sportsbetting marketing has been shown to be effective in gambling and motivation for young people. For example, more than 40 % of young people answered that they wanted to gamble after contacting gambling advertising (Derevensky et al. 2010). Also, many young sports fans have answered that they want to do sports betting (now, if sports betting is allowed legally, hing et al.) It is not recognized as a gambling, and is related to the low level of stigma (Lopez-Gonzalez etc. 2019; Sproston and others 2015). Recent research results based on focus groups support the idea that positive attitudes and meanings related to sports betting can have negative effects on gambling sel f-awareness (JOHANSEN et al). ...)

Through this chapter, the Sports Betting Industry creates a new subculture related to the product (for example, sports betting is becoming a sports fan ritual) and identity (for example, Better is called a "player"). I have explained that it is gradually contributing to. Here, we focus on young athletes. Specifically, how young athletes recognize sports betting, and the high accessibility of sports betting, aggressive advertisements, and social acceptance have an impact on their gambling and sports performance. I investigated whether it was giving.

Some of these questions were addressed by Richard et al. (2019) in the course of four study iterations (2004, 2008, 2012, 2016) among North American National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) student-athletes. These studies investigated the gambling behavior of more than 84. 000 student-athletes (22. 388 in the 2016 study) across all three NCAA divisions. Participants were surveyed about their attitudes and involvement in various gambling activities, including sports betting. The results showed that, in contrast to the decline in poker and online casino use over the years, online sports betting, especially in-game betting, remains popular among student-athletes. Despite the NCAA prohibition, 9% of athletes bet on sports at least once a month, and 2% met diagnostic criteria for a gambling disorder (see also BOX 4 for reasons why athletes are at higher risk for developing a gambling problem). While betting money on cards was the most common first experience with gambling, NCAA men preferred and most frequently engaged in sports betting (90% of men and 82% of women bet for the first time before entering college). Of particular concern is that 11% of Division I football players and 5% of men's basketball players reported placing a bet on their championship game (but not on their own team). Some of these questions were addressed by Richard et al. (2019) over the course of four study iterations (2004, 2008, 2012, 2016) of North American National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) student-athletes. These studies investigated the gambling behavior of over 84, 000 student-athletes (22, 388 in the 2016 study) across all three NCAA divisions. Participants were surveyed about their attitudes toward and involvement in a variety of gambling activities, including sports betting. The results showed that online sports betting, especially in-game betting, remains popular among student-athletes, in contrast to the year-on-year decline in poker and online casino use. Despite the NCAA ban, 9% of athletes bet on sports at least once a month, and 2% met diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder (see also Box 4 for reasons why athletes are at higher risk for gambling problems). While playing cards with money was the most common first gambling experience, NCAA men have come to prefer and most frequently bet on sports (90% of men and 82% of women bet for the first time before entering college). Of particular concern is that 11% of Division I football players and 5% of men's basketball players reported betting on their own championship games (but not on their own team). Some of these questions were addressed by Richard et al. (2019) in the course of four study iterations (2004, 2008, 2012, 2016) among North American National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) student-athletes. These studies investigated the gambling behavior of more than 84. 000 student-athletes (22. 388 in the 2016 study) across all three NCAA divisions. Participants were surveyed about their attitudes and involvement in various gambling activities, including sports betting. The results showed that, in contrast to the decline in poker and online casino use over the years, online sports betting, especially in-game betting, remains popular among student-athletes. Despite the NCAA prohibition, 9% of athletes bet on sports at least once a month, and 2% met diagnostic criteria for a gambling disorder (see also BOX 4 for reasons why athletes are at higher risk for developing a gambling problem). While betting money on cards was the most common first gambling experience, NCAA men's sports betting was their most frequent choice (90% of men and 82% of women said they first bet before enrolling in college). Of particular concern is that 11% of Division I football players and 5% of men's basketball players reported placing a bet on their own championship game (but not on their own team).

Recent qualitative research focused on betting habits, especially professional soccer, handball, and basketball players (Moriconi and CIMA 2019). In this study, we used a half-structured interview to find out why athletes would bet on their competitions and sometimes even their games (Grall-Bronnec et al.) Tsu is that gambling is well known among athletes and is being repeatedly performed, even if we are conscious of regulations and prohibited matters. Sports gambling is mostly recognized as a recreational behavior for seeking excitement, stimuli, and prestige within a group (for example, by teammates, betting on the results of the battle. There is an inner ring rivalry that competes and ultimately defines who is familiar with sports). Sports athletes are also specific strategies that are frequently shown, such as having a friend bet (in some cases), and betting at low prices to avoid being identified by regulatory authorities. I mentioned. Interestingly, for some individuals, betting in their own games is a proof of the honesty of sports, and even the source of collective motivation (for example, similar to official prize money and cash bonuses). 。 According to the players, problematic gambling and economic anxiety are considered to be a situation that could lead to a matchmaker. According to the players, if the players have debts, they may be tempted to change their fields to affect the results of the match. According to information providers, recent qualitative studies focused on betting habits, especially for professional soccer, handball, and basketball players (Moriconi and CIMA 2019). In this study, we used a half-structured interview to find out why athletes would bet on their competitions and sometimes even their games (Grall-Bronnec et al.) Tsu is that gambling is well known among athletes and is being repeatedly performed, even if we are conscious of regulations and prohibited matters. Sports gambling is mostly recognized as a recreational behavior for seeking excitement, stimuli, and prestige within a group (for example, by teammates, betting on the results of the battle. There is an inner ring rivalry that competes and ultimately defines who is familiar with sports). Sports athletes are also specific strategies that are frequently shown, such as having a friend bet (in some cases), and betting at low prices to avoid being identified by regulatory authorities. I mentioned. Interestingly, for some individuals, betting in their own games is a proof of the honesty of sports, and even the source of collective motivation (for example, similar to official prize money and cash bonuses). 。 According to the players, problematic gambling and economic anxiety are considered to be a situation that could lead to a matchmaker. According to the players, if the players have debts, they may be tempted to change their fields to affect the results of the match. According to information providers, recent qualitative studies focused on betting habits, especially professional soccer, handball, and basketball players (Moriconi and CIMA 2019). In this study, we used a half-structured interview to find out why athletes would bet on their competitions and sometimes even their games (Grall-Bronnec et al.) Tsu is that gambling is well known among athletes and is being repeatedly performed, even if we are conscious of regulations and prohibited matters. Sports gambling is mostly recognized as a recreational behavior for seeking excitement, stimuli, and prestige within a group (for example, by teammates, betting on the results of the battle. There is an inner ring rivalry that competes and ultimately defines who is familiar with sports). Sports athletes are also specific strategies that are frequently shown, such as having a friend bet (in some cases), and betting at low prices to avoid being identified by regulatory authorities. I mentioned. Interestingly, for some individuals, betting in their own games is a proof of the honesty of sports, and even the source of collective motivation (for example, similar to official prize money and cash bonuses). 。 According to the players, problematic gambling and economic anxiety are considered to be a situation that could lead to a matchmaker. According to the players, if the players have debts, they may be tempted to change their fields to affect the results of the match. According to the information provider

Attitudes toward sports betting were also investigated by Richard, Paskus, and Derevensky (2019) in a sample of NCAA student-athletes. Approximately 25% of athletes reported being uncomfortable with placing bets on college sports, and 50% were opposed to gambling advertising associated with college sporting events. However, 44% of men and 31% of women viewed sports betting as a harmless pastime. This view was more pronounced among student-athletes who were involved in sports betting (76% and 61%). Furthermore, approximately 50% of men and 25% of women who bet on sports considered sports betting a convenient way to win money. Student-athletes involved in sports betting also reported that many players violated NCAA betting bylaws, and 25% believed that coaches did not take these rules seriously.

BOX 4. Are Athletes More at Risk to Develop Problem Gambling than Non-athletes?

These findings suggest that online sports betting is already firmly entrenched in sports culture, i. e., among sports fans as well as athletes. Such high acceptability of gambling may also change how young people think about sport (e. g., Thomas et al. 2018; Pitt et al. 2017b). This aspect is particularly relevant when adopting a sport psychology perspective to address the issue of sports betting. The development that young elite athletes are likely to follow is completely contrary to the achievement goals that sports betting conveys. Specifically, young athletes need to develop self-efficacy and self-determined motivation through experimentation and observation of task-oriented mastery goals (e. g., Baker et al. 2003; Côté 1999; Kitsantas et al. 2000). These patterns are in radical contrast to sports betting, where the main motivation is oriented towards external rewards (i. e. money) obtained through quantitative indicators of performance. Thus, sports betting culture may reinforce normative aspects of performance-oriented goals in young athletes (commonly associated with sport withdrawal in this population; e. g., Conroy et al. 2003; Duda 2001; Elliot and McGregort 2001) and impede the development of task-oriented goals (commonly associated with pleasure and self-efficacy in young athletes; e. g., Smith et al. 2009). Further research is therefore needed to determine whether and how normalization and acceptance of sport increases sport enjoyment and self-efficacy.

The most frequent gambling motives among elite athletes tend to be related to a sense of competition and interest in sports (Curry and Jiobu 1995). More specifically, gambling corresponds well with athletes' desire for competition and challenge, which sometimes heightens their desire to experience sensations and risk taking (St-Pierre et al.). Furthermore, athletes tend to consider themselves knowledgeable about a particular sport and therefore may see sports betting as an easy opportunity to win money (Curry and Jiobu 1995; Grall-Bronnec et al.). Furthermore, most professional athletes have a lot of free time, so they may bet on sports as a professional activity to share their knowledge and interest in sports (Nowak and Aloe 2014). Finally, having a significant income at a young age is also associated with gambling behavior (Hayatbakhsh et al. 2012). Of particular public health concern are the high rates of gambling initiation among athletes in groups and at a young age (e. g., Sullivan-Kerber 2005; Huang et al. 2007). In a study based on a nationally representative sample of 20, 739 student athletes in the United States, 62. 4% of men and 42. 8% of women reported some form of gambling involvement (Huang et al. 2007). In a sample of European professional athletes, Grall-Bronnec et al. (2016) found that 56. 6% of the sample had gambled at least once during the previous year. This rate of gambling frequency is higher than that typically found in the general population in European countries (varying from 25% in Belgium to 56. 2% in France: Costes et al.).

Regarding problem gambling, recent studies have reported lifetime prevalence rates of 7% (sample of Swedish university athletes, N = 352, Håkansson et al. 2018) and 8. 2% (sample of European professional athletes, Grall-Bronnec et al. 2016). These rates are at the upper end of the range reported in the general population, where lifetime rates of problem gambling range from 0. 7 to 6. 5% (Calado and Griffiths 2016). Gambling frequency and problem gambling were also positively associated with participation in competitive sports during high school in a sample of adolescent athletes (Gavriel-Fried et al. 2010; Moore and Ohtsuka 2000).

7 Regulatory Responses and Educational Programmes

Policymakers and legislators are becoming increasingly aware of the potential negative impacts of sports betting among young people. In recent years, various regulatory responses have targeted sports betting advertising, for example by consulting sports clubs on strategies to ensure that teams and stadiums are not exposed to gambling sponsorship, or by outright banning gambling advertising in public spaces and through television during sporting events (Thomas et al.). However, these regulatory strategies include a number of exemptions that have important implications for the continued exposure of young people to sports betting advertising (Thomas et al.). For example, in Belgium, gambling advertising is currently prohibited during live sporting events, but can remain visible through stadium and team sponsorship. Furthermore, sports betting marketing is still permitted during other types of sports television programming that takes place immediately before or after a live event. Moreover, cut-off time strategies (e. g., no betting ads before 8:30 p. m.) are generally inefficient because young people watch media content after 8:30 p. m. or engage in media viewing via online digital platforms and social media, such as YouTube, that are not subject to such regulations (Thomas et al.).

When young people are asked their opinion on what can be done to address public health concerns about sports betting, they tend to report that sports and government agencies should do more to protect young people from exposure to gambling ads (Richard et al. 2019; Thomas et al. 2016, 2018). This includes the need to remove all gambling advertising from sports (without exemptions) and create educational programs on sports integrity. In other words, regulatory measures need to go beyond anti-gambling messages.

It is important to separate the excitement and knowledge caused by the passion for sports and those that are intended for sports betting (such as Miller 2017). This aspect is extremely important to be able to build sports fans and/ or athlete identity, focusing on sports passion for sports, despite being strongly exposed to sports betting ads. This view is a qualitative research on gambling cuts (Reith and Dobbie 2011, 2012, 2013; REITH 2018). According to these studies, maintaining gambling cuts is a gambling sel f-identity (that is, "gamblin g-like self", and many people can not play a role in "no n-dependent self"; REITH From And Dobbie 2012), a sel f-identity that is r e-formed in a harmonious and appropriate way (for example, recovers the sense of life independence and meaning through new interest in activities in line with the values of individual life. It has been emphasized that it will be expanded to the transition to). In this context, building sports fans and athlete identities separated from gambling activities is an important feature of young people who regulate gambling habits. In fact, the challenge of sports fans trying to reduce betting is to look at sporting events without betting (for example, Johansen et al.) From this point of view, passion for sports in harmony. The promoted educational program should be useful for the sports itself, that is, to restore interest in sports without betting (that is, return to "sports fans" or "athlete identity").

Interestingly, these initiative deviates from the original "responsible gambling" practices in the gambling industry, and this practice is assembled from the perspective of individuals who avoid harm and act with responsibility. (Hancock 2011, 2018; Hancock and Smith 2017). Specifically, this "responsible gambling" approach may enhance the choice of individuals and form public policy in favor of the gambling industry (for example, strengthening government regulations through corporate political activities. By avoiding; Baysinger 1984). This dynamism is also likely to be paid attention to the prohibition of sports betting ads being broadcast by focusing on voluntary voluntary regulations. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop and fund innovative educational programs aimed at protecting young people, and spread these actions to parents, young people, brothers, teachers, and sports leaders. be.

8 Conclusion and Perspectives

Given that the popularity of sports betting is constantly growing, it is important to have a better characteristic of this new digitized gambling. It is hardly known for specific factors that distinguish safe participation in sports betting and harmful participation. It would also be important to distinguish the excitement and knowledge from sports from those that intended gamblin g-related rewards (eg Miller 2017). This aspect is extremely important to be able to build sports fans and/ or athlete identity, focusing on sports passion for sports, despite being strongly exposed to sports betting ads.

This view is a qualitative research on gambling (REITH and DOBBIE 2011, 2012, 2013; REITH 2018) and recent theoretical explanations (Miller et al.) These authors maintaining gambling. , Gambling selfishness (that is, "gamblin g-like self", many people cannot play a role related to "no n-poisoning self"; REITH and DOBBIE 2012). Sel f-formation that is r e-formed in an appropriate way (for example, through new interest in activities that meet the values of individual life, you will be able to regain your independence sensation and become optimal with the world; REITH and Dobbie 2012; Miller et al.)

In this context, building sports fans and athlete identities separated from gambling is an important process for young people who regulate betting habits. The challenge of sports fans trying to reduce betting is to look at sports events without betting (for example, Johansen et al. The other problem is that sports betting is often a group (friends and relatives; JOHANSEN). Therefore, et al. It may be related to the sense that an adult identity is a member of the gambling community with identity (Miller et al.) From such a background to a harmonious sport. The educational program that promotes passion should help recover the interest in sports itself, that is, the interests of sports that do not bet (that is, the return to "sports fans" or "athlete's identity"). 。

The direction of this study is that young people have adopted a vertical approach when examining the lon g-term (mental) health effects of being exposed to sports betting clues. In light of other actions that do not know if it is harmful (material use, video game, Internet, etc.), it should also be related to studying problematic gambling habits (start, maintenance, withdrawal).

In conclusion, it is still unknown how early contact with sports betting has a long term, but we will deepen the debate on how the spread and unevenness of sports betting will affect young people's mental health. You need it. These concerns must be a global risk of gambling at the global level and disagree with the opinions of stakeholders on the current state of gambling in sports.

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Luxembourg University Faculty of Action Cognitive Sciences, Esh Sur Arzet, Luxembourg Claus Vögele
Psychological Research Institute (Uclouvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium) Damien Brevers

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This task was initiated by possible changes in the legal gambling environment landscape in Canada pursuant to the introduction of a legislative proposal to. risk gambling by some Cree people. People who had Betting against youth: the effects of socio-economic marginality on gambling among young people. According to a study done by the Pew research center the divide comes with certain age demographics, as 47% of people who view gambling as.

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